Quote:
We have never witnessed (to my knowledge) a useful genetic mutation that could help a multi-cellular creature evolve.
I don't get what you mean by this. Just browsing through the science section of the news this week, I came by a useful genetic mutation that helps squirrels evolve:
Quote:
An exotic evolution
Nikki Kahn / The Washington Post
By David A. Fahrenthold
WASHINGTON - Because the history of Washington has been written by humans, nobody has paid much attention to the fact that 18 Canadian squirrels were released at the National Zoo during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.
But, if the capital's story were ever told by its rodents, few events would be more prominent than this one.
That's because those 18 squirrels ? whose coats of lustrous black set them apart from the native animals ? were the beginning of a shift that has changed the complexion of Washington's backyard critters. Now, probably because of a slight evolutionary advantage conveyed with a black coat, the descendants of these squirrels have spread all the way into Rockville and Prince William County.
Seriously: Scientists say it's a real-life example of natural selection at work, which has rolled on for a century here without much public notice.
"It shows the spread of a gene within a population," said Richard W. Thorington Jr., a Smithsonian Institution researcher working on a book that includes a history of the District's black squirrels. "That is evolutionary change before your eyes."
Shades of mystery
The story of Washington's black squirrels ? which scientists say are just a color variation within the common gray squirrel species ? still has its shades of mystery.
For starters, nobody is quite certain why the Smithsonian decided to bring the critters here in the first place. The zoo's best guess, according to spokeswoman Peper Long, is that they were trying to restore the local population of gray squirrels, which had been decimated through hunting.
"Some people thought the gray squirrel was going to be extinct," Long said.
The Smithsonian's archives offer only the barest of facts: In 1902, and then again in 1906, the zoo got black squirrels from "the department of crown lands" in Ontario.
The next historical evidence pops up 15 years later, in the form of roadkill.
This week, in an upper story of the rotunda at the National Museum of Natural History, researcher Katie Ferrell pulled out a drawer full of stiff squirrel carcasses. It was a tiny sample from the museum's collection of 30,000.
"Cleveland Park, 1917," she said, reading the tag of one black animal that apparently met its fate under the wheels of a D.C. motorist. It was solid evidence that the squirrels had already left zoo grounds. Scientists say the black variety now comprises 5 to 25 percent of the squirrels in some neighborhoods.
Here's why some scientists believe the black squirrels were multiplying: In winter, their dark coats allowed them to retain heat from sunlight, leaving them less desperate for warmth than their lighter-colored cousins.
"If you can do it with solar heat, you don't need quite as much metabolic heat," and, therefore, need less food, Thorington said.
In some cases, this advantage seems to have outweighed the potential downside of a black coat ? being more conspicuous to hawks and other predators.
Thorington believes that black squirrels were slightly more likely to survive and reproduce, and their genes were passed on to succeeding generations.
Whatever the reason, observers say, black squirrels have been showing up in areas where only gray-colored specimens had been.
They appeared in Bethesda, Silver Spring and Chevy Chase in the 1960s, perhaps using the Rock Creek Stream Valley as a highway north from the District. One survey of Bethesda in 1990 found that about 25 percent of the squirrels there were black.
To the east, the squirrels crossed the city a few decades ago to colonize the National Arboretum and Capitol Hill. To the south, they made it across the Potomac River into Arlington, where naturalists say they've seen black squirrels since at least the 1980s.
Black squirrels even had a cameo in the area's best-known bit of squirrel research: the survey of animals in Lafayette Park in 1980 and 1981, which showed that this tourist landmark had the densest squirrel population known to science.
"I do remember seeing melanistic [dark-pigmented] squirrels around," said David Manski, a biologist who spent eight months watching rodents in the park.
Now, the frontier appears to run through Fairfax County, where the squirrels are still rare, and Prince William County, where some have been spotted in a forest 35 miles from their origins in Washington.
In Montgomery, the squirrels are spreading into Gaithersburg and Rockville ? though not without a little controversy.
'It's the same squirrel'
Some residents have called to complain that the new squirrels are aggressive, driving out the friendly gray squirrels, said Bill Hamilton of the county Department of Park and Planning.
He said he reassures residents: "It's the same squirrel," just a different color.
Among themselves, the squirrels appear to feel the same way, according to Vagn Flyger, a retired University of Maryland professor.
Flyger devoted himself to studying squirrels because, as he explains it, they weigh less than a deer and don't bite like a polar bear. He used to smear a tree behind his Silver Spring home with a mixture of peanut butter and Valium and then tattoo the squirrels that he found passed out below.
When he first did this, more than 30 years ago, there were only gray ones, Flyger said. Now, he says, at least four black squirrels live nearby.
He has studied their behavior ? now using feeders rather than Valium ? and determined that the squirrels don't appear to treat each other differently because they are black or gray.
"They don't seem to care," he said.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7902972/
A simple genetic mutation that changes the color of a wild squirrel's coat from grey to black, and suddenly squirrels can get more heat in the winter. Evolution seems to take babysteps like this, which is why you couldn't throw a billion frogs onto a frying pan and suddenly get a few levitating frogs.
But we definitely observe genetic mutations that pass through the species of a multicellular creature and help them survive, even something as simple as changing a creature's colors to help it survive in certain environments.
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