Ack, I sold out of my JPM trade from yesterday just a few hours too early.  The stock saw another 12% jump on top of the 11% that I booked. Of course, I'm not one to begrudge a profit & will take this lesson to heart as a learning experience.
Edit: Hah, news out after the bell that Diamond (JPM's CEO) has been buying shares and the stock is almost up to $24 after hours. That's 19% above where I sold 50 shares this morning, and 32% above where I purchased 55 shares yesterday.
I also happened upon this excellent article by Daniel Dicker of TheStreet.com. Anyone wondering about the fluctuations in the oil and gasoline markets should take a moment to wade through this one. It's a little wordy at first, but carries an informative message for those interested.
Quote: For the Future of Oil, Look to the Past By Daniel Dicker 1/21/2009 3:31 pm EST
The same patterns that emerged in the oil markets during their historic move upward last summer are now just as apparent -- only in reverse. We can make almost-certain predictions on oil and some related equities, particularly the refiners, if only by remembering what happened last year and then looking for perfectly mirrored and opposite actions now. Let me tell you what I mean.
A Brief History
Through the run-up in oil through 2007 and into July 2008, a premium or backwardation of the oil curve was the norm. Oil on the futures markets is traded in monthly delivery units, and the prices for those months are not set collectively. Each month will trade separately and generate its own price. The differentials between those prices are called spreads.
When the months closer to delivery -- the front months -- are trading at a premium to the months further out on the curve (the back months), the market is said to be trading at a premium. The market is then backwardated. This was almost consistently the case during the bull-market bubble of oil leading to the high price of $147 we saw in July 2008.
The spot month consistently ran at a premium of a few dollars to the next month into the curve, and often that premium would continue through the curve. Front months during the run-up could often carry $6, $7 or even $10 of premium to the next month forward. What was even more telling was the relative acceleration of the market at any one time. In other words, the faster that oil was moving upward during the run up, the greater the premium one saw in the front months. This is a commonly recognized phenomenon to traders -- it is known as a squeeze.
Squeezes are historically caused by fundamental demand increases, often because of short-term supply disruptions. In the case of oil in 2007 and the first half of 2008, this was not, in my view, fundamentally the case. While there existed an enormous demand increase for spot market oil contracts, that demand wasn't driven primarily by supply problems. As people who read the columns I wrote on this subject in 2008 know, I believe it was caused by investment demand more than anything else.
The mechanism for traders and how this demand increase would affect trading is even more interesting. As increased demand for spot month contracts came in, liquidity providers would have to try to find arbitrage or spread hedges to be able to sell these contracts to ravenous investors. Invariably, they would buy back-month contracts to try to offset shorts they were accumulating in the front contracts. As continued demand for front-month contracts emerged as oil raced higher, arb traders were forced to cover front months, a condition that worsened as these months approached expiration, when the "spot squeeze" would force premiums to ratchet up quickly and without apparent reason. This also had the side effect of putting unnecessary pressure downward on the month about to become spot -- it would leave a "rally zone" of a few dollars that would almost always be made up soon after becoming spot, as traders put self- imposed floors and tried to cover shorts they created from the spread rolling they had just completed.
So here's the pattern we saw on the upside -- premium markets as long-term investor money flows into front months while short-term traders establish long positions further out on the curve. This would often cause last-minute spot squeezes and inordinate premiums as contracts expired.
Mirror Image
Let's look at the oil markets today. The perfect opposite is occurring. We now have huge discount markets, known as a contango condition. As much as the premium market was fueled by investor appetite, the contango market is being bullied by investor retreat of capital and an ever-increasing deleveraging of speculative accounts that were engaged in commodity investment.
As if looking in a mirror, discounts become more and more pronounced as spot months near expiration, and the month that soon becomes spot is artificially made strong from spread-rolling. It now leaves a vacuum to sell down to immediately after becoming spot on the board and creates barriers to a sustained rally, because the short-term trader is almost invariably long these front months and stands waiting and hoping for a rally to sell. It is as difficult to break this cycle on the downside as it was difficult to break the opposite cycle as the market moved upward.
A Fire for the Refiners
The beneficiaries of this cycle further prove how much oil has become a capital market, driven more by money flow and trade and less by demand and supply issues. Crack spreads, a measure of the price of refined products when compared to the raw crude from which they are manufactured, are proving this disconnect between fundamentals and price.
During the run-up last year, cracks were continually under pressure as the crude barrel price outraced the price of refined products. It was hard for consumers to believe that domestic refiners were going broke with gas at $4.50 a gallon, but it was absolutely true. Cracks during peak summer periods ran at single digits and often went negative, meaning that the price of gasoline was trading for less than the price of the crude barrel that was used to create it.
Now that crude prices are under continued pressure from deleveraging, cracks have shown remarkable recovery from those levels. Cracks for January and February are now running at around $8.50, a terrific margin for gasoline in the offseason. In essence, the fundamental relationship between gasoline and crude oil has been restored with the removal of investor crude appetite. The winter cracks in 2009 now represent historical "norms" for winter margins. This is a disconnect we cannot explain otherwise -- it is incredible to see $9 cracks in the winter while seeing negative summer cracks -- but this is what we have seen in this tremendous unwinding.
Refiners have been helping this along, taking some advantage of this situation, and probably not unreasonably so -- they suffered so miserably throughout the run-up of the last year. In other years, they were able to see $25, $30, sometimes $40 crack premiums in the summer, but they had to labor with loss premiums last year. Now seeing an opportunity to recoup some of these summer losses, they have "helped" the process by slowly decreasing utilization of refining capacity for the last few months.
Utilization figures have come in from EIA reports in the low to mid-80% range -- the lowest level this country has seen since the early 1990s. And from a retail level, it is a lot more palatable for the consumer for refiners to "help" along the "reverse squeeze" the crude market is now experiencing for the benefit of refinery margins: A $10 dollar margin increase for gasoline translates to another 25 cents a gallon at the pump, much less noticeable or distasteful when gas is selling for $1.75 a gallon.
Looking Forward
What might change and break this cycle of downward pressure? Much like the bubble bursting last year in the summer, we'd need a renewed appetite for oil exposure to go with an improved fundamental picture -- a difficult scenario to imagine in the near future. However, the huge capital injections from the Fed will at some point trump the deflationary spiral we're in and add an inflation wild card to our mix. We'll see the discounts start to come out of the oil market and give us an indication of a turnaround back up. Until that happens, the economy will have to "suffer" with lower oil prices. And the domestic refiners will certainly be better investments than they were with oil prices on the rise.
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Know what you own: Companies that may be affected by the price of crude include ExxonMobil (XOM) , ConocoPhillips (COP) , BP (BP) , Marathon Oil (MRO) , Valero (VLO) and Hess (HES) .
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