This post is a summary of an anthropology article I read about Amanita muscaria and the Russian traditions. It is a paper for my class, so please don't steal it. I am not saying everything she says is right, but it is what the writter thinks. ENJOY!!!
Summary-
In the five page article titled ? Russian use of Amanita muscaria: A footnote to Wassons Soma? the author Ethel Dunn is describing the use of Amanita muscaria across Russia and its various uses and rituals performed by the natives in a response to a letter from the author of the popular book Soma. In the book Soma, Wasson has come to the conclusion that Soma, the plant and god celebrated in Vedic hymns, was a mushroom: Amanita muscaria, or fly agaric. Wasson wrote to Ethel because she and her husband had been studying the peoples and language of Russia for some time, and he was curious if she had come across any information regarding this mushroom in her studies. At the time Ethel received the letter, she had read very little regarding Amanita muscaria, and wrote back saying she was curious herself, and would perform further research and get back to Wasson with more information. With some research done, Ethel came to the conclusion that shamanistic practices had been taking place across Siberia for hundreds of years. Her Russian and Soviet sources told her that the Russians in Siberia made use of shamans, and had so since the Russian settlement of Siberia in the mid-17th century. With more in depth research, it became clear to her that the Russians did in fact make a twofold use of this mushroom: as a medicinal agent and a substitute for alcohol. In some accounts Ethel came across, the mushroom was gathered and eaten fresh. It was said that three fresh caps was the common amount for a first time user to take. Other reports said seasoned mushroom eaters consumed as much as 26 caps! (Though this was said to be pushing the limits). The mushroom was always taken with others, because it was reported doing them alone would cause negative effects. On other accounts, the mushroom was gathered, broken to bits, stuffed into a corked glass jar, and set in a warm place for three days. After these three days had passed, the mushrooms and newly formed juices were removed, and the solids were strained away. The mushroom liquid was then passed around a circle of shaman, and partakers would drink and begin the ceremony. On one account it was reported that in the evenings, instead of using Vodka to remove fatigue, small pieces of Amanita muscaria cap were chewed and the juices swallowed. The archeologist who made this report (having been given the mushroom by his guide through the Ural mountains) said that the effects were ?colossal?. He reported that ? the trees were several times thicker, the fire reached to the sky itself, and all the participants behaved better than from Vodka?. The above three accounts of Amanita uses were mostly for a ?Vodka substitute?, but as mentioned, it was also reported to be used for its medicinal qualities. As opposed to eating the caps for a more ?spiritual? experience, for medicinal purposes it is reported that one should only eat the stems. The stems were reportedly used by the Russians to treat a wide variety of diseases including convulsions, paralysis, epilepsy, goiter, tuberculosis, impotence, and rheumatism. For medicinal use, Ethel reported that Amanita muscaria should be dried in the oven and preserved in a stoppered jar in a cool dry place. In a letter to Ethel, someone named ? Gammerman? cites the active ingredients in the Amanita muscaria: muscarin, muscaridin, and a red antibiotic called muscarufin. Gammerman reports that the muscarufin is the active agent said to act on tumors and other illnesses. Ethel writes to Wasson reporting her finds and he writes back saying he thinks the medicinal information from Gammerman is ? nonsense and from a hopelessly outdated handbook? To conclude the article, Ethel says that although she has discovered much about the Amanita and its uses in Russia, she thinks much further research is needed to be done if there is to be any concrete evidence as to the medicinal and spiritual uses of this ageless fungi.
Description-
In this article, cultural anthropology is being practiced. Ethel Dunn participated in a series of letters to and from many anthropologists from whom she could gather information. Wasson, and her own curiosity towards the subject inspired the entire article.
Critique-
I found this article interesting and very informative. It was well written and contains many documented sources! In choosing this article, it was pretty much random but I did have a prior interest in the shamanistic rituals of certain civilizations of the past. I think it was very solid and I did not disagree with anything in particular. I have researched certain aspects of mushroom use before (mostly psylocibin mushrooms), and this article furthered my knowledge on the subject greatly. The use of Ethneogens has been taking place since humans first walked the earth. I would imagine the early foragers discovered the Amanita muscaria by accident, and passed the information of its mind-altering effects to their children. The Amanita itself is a very wonderful looking mushroom with a red cap (ranging from light red to deep blood crimson) and is spotted with white dots. For early human foragers, this fungus would stand out in whatever background it was present and could been seen from far away. The caps, ranging in size from a silver dollar to a dinner plate, were the most commonly consumed part of the mushroom, and contained the most Muscinol, or the active ingredient that produces psychoactive effects. The stems were proportionate to the caps and raised them off the forest floor high enough to be spotted easily. Having never partaken in the Amanita ritual, I can not comment personally on it?s effects, though it is said to produce an almost drunken feel, with a very disassociate quality. I think humans? interest in mind-altering substances will be present until the end of time. With no concrete proof of anything beyond this life, many people turn to drugs to find answers. Although the Amanita is said to produce some nausea, its lack of harm to the body makes it a commonly used drug by many shamans across the world. I think perhaps in the future I will try this mushroom, at least once, so I can make a conclusion for myself. During the course of writing this paper, I discovered many sites on the Internet selling dried Amanita mushrooms. For a relatively cheap price you can have them shipped to your door and find out for yourself. Although Amanita muscaria is a drug, it is not scheduled by the DEA, and it not illegal to posses, grow, or consume.
-------------------- these long agonizing months without you...have been long and agonizing..
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