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OfflinePsilocybeingzz
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Global Trade is......
    #1241189 - 01/22/03 08:02 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Global Trade is
Now 97.5% Speculative

Date: Mon, 15 Dec 1997 20:53:44 -0800 (PST)
From: MichaelP (papadop@peak.org)
Subject: FROM THE REAL ECONOMY TO THE SPECULATIVE

In the following excerpt from remarks at an International Forum on Globalisation (IFG) seminar, the writer focuses on the alarming increase in global currency speculation. The potential implications are truly explosive, threatening global power arrangements, the sovereignty of nation-states, and the abilities of ordinary people to survive.

By Bernard Lietaer

In 1975, about 80% of foreign exchange transactions (where one national currency is exchanged for another) were to conduct business in the real economy. For instance, currencies change hands to import oil, export cars, buy corporations, invest in portfolios, or build factories. Real transactions actually produce or trade goods and services.

The remaining 20% of transactions in 1975 were speculative, which means that the sole purpose was an expected profit from buying and selling currencies themselves, based on their changing values. So, even in the days when the real economy was dominant, some currency speculation was going on. There had always been that little bit of frosting on the cake.

Today, the real economy in foreign exchange transactions is down to 2.5% and 97.5% is now speculative. What had been the frosting has become the cake. The real economy has become just a small percentage of total financial currency activity.

My estimate is that in 1997 we will have close to $2 trillion in currencies being traded per day. This is equivalent to the entire annual gross domestic product (GDP) volume of the United States being turned over via currency trading every three days.

There are three cumulative causes for this explosive increase in currency speculation:

Systemic redefinition. The first important act was former US President Richard Nixon's unleashing of the dollar from the gold standard in 1973. 'Floating' the dollar allowed currency values to be determined by traders in currency exchange markets. Currencies from countries with strong economies and sound monetary and fiscal policies were given more value than currencies from countries with shaky or weak economies and policies. This 'opening' of the system created a framework for the speculation game.
Legal deregulation. In the 1980s, both former US President Ronald Reagan and former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher introduced deregulation strategies. The Baker Plan, implemented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), applied those changes to a dozen key Third World countries. This created a lot more leeway for movement of capital internationally, and for corporations that previously would not have participated in speculation.
Technology. The structural, deep-lying phenomenon behind the whole system, is the technological shift: the electronification of money and the computerisation of market systems.
The Business Viewpoint

Economic textbooks say that corporations and individuals compete for markets and resources. This is not true. Corporations and individuals compete for money by using markets and resources.

The opening of the system, which led to 'floating exchanges', also created a new asset class. Traditional asset classes are real estate, bonds, stocks, and commodities. Today, we also have currencies. This means that money, the medium of exchange, has itself become an asset to be played into investment portfolios. This shift has different implications for businesses, depending on whether you're an investor or a 'real' business.

From an investor's viewpoint, this new asset class - currencies - has some significant advantages over the old ones:

Extraordinarily low transaction costs. Placing a few billion dollars in foreign exchange costs very little; as much as 10 or 20 times cheaper than a stock transaction.
Twenty-four-hour market environment; one can actually play around the clock.
The foreign currency market is the largest and deepest market around by a long shot. If you have a few billion dollars to place, bringing them to the stock market is going to move the stock's value and tip off other traders as to what you are doing. This is true in most bond markets (except for the US and some European markets because of their large size).
In foreign exchange, even five or ten billion won't make a blip. So if you have a substantial amount of money to move around, this is the place to do it. You can get in and out without affecting the market.

Because of these three advantages, the act of lending money to people (to buy houses, cars, expand businesses or whatever) is no longer the best way to make money. The foreign currency market is the place to do it.

Banks are no longer the big players in terms of supplying credit. In the last 25 years, banks, as a source of financing in America, have dropped from 75% of the total supply of credit to 26.5%. For the major international banks, like Chase Manhattan, Citicorp, Bank of America, Barclays, or Sumitomo, currency trading typically accounts for at least 20% of total earnings. In a good year, it will be more than 50%.

In considering the viewpoint of so-called real businesses (those that make cars, mine, produce electronics, etc.), the 'foreign exchange risk' has by far become the largest risk in international business today, often larger than political or market risk. For example, if a German chemical company invests in a plant in India, it makes the investment in deutschmarks. The chemical products sold locally from that plant are paid in rupees, India's currency.

If the value of the rupee than drops in terms of the deutschmark, the return on the original investment will drop as well. In short, the biggest risk of such investments is not whether Indians will buy the chemicals (market risk) or whether the Indian government will nationalise the plant (political risk), but the changes in the values of the currencies involved (foreign exchange risk).

Corporations have followed two major strategies to deal with this risk.

The first strategy is the reorganisation of the corporate conglomerate. Production and marketing sectors are decentralising because the risk doesn't lie there, and because adaptation to local circumstances can best be handled on a local level. This also leads to the dispersal of production facilities to other countries.

But while marketing and production are decentralising, the corporation's financial and treasury functions are being centralised. Twenty or 30 years ago, when an American company had a big plant in Germany, the plant would handle its own finances. Not any more. Now, this is all done centrally at corporate headquarters.

The second strategy that large corporations pursue is an adjustment of their executive officers. In the 1940s and 1950s, anybody who could manufacture any product could sell it. So, a manager with a background in production or engineering would typically be made the CEO. In the 1960s and the 1970s, that shifted. Suddenly marketing was the key background necessary for people at the top.

However, in the 1980s and 1990s, finance specialists are in charge. They are the ones who call the shots. That shift in career paths has also changed the corporation's outlook, and is a reaction to the new risk that we are talking about.

Now, I have two questions for you:

First: Who do you think is the largest private financial institution in the US today? It is General Electric (GE). The largest profit sector in GE is not defence, not light bulbs, not power stations. It is GE's treasury department, because of its many financial transactions.

The second question is: Who do you think is taking the largest foreign exchange risk? It's everybody who holds only one currency. That is, most people. Anyone who owns their own house, which sits in one currency (like dollars, deutschmarks, or yen), and who has their savings and income in that same currency, is at the greatest risk. By holding only one currency, they risk all their assets being devalued in the event of their currency crashing. In a world of floating exchanges, not being diversified in currencies is like having a stock portfolio with only one stock.

Three Consequences

The first consequence of this state of affairs is that national governments are in the process of losing power. The nation-state is the one entity that cannot manage in this new climate. It has no way to gain power against global capital and information technology.

Currency traders are effectively 'policing' governments by selling off a nation's currency when they are dissatisfied with that government's policies. If enough traders act together, the value of a currency can plummet, creating a 'currency crisis'. These sudden large sell-offs are viewed by governments as 'attacks' on the value of their currencies.

Currency devalution can happen in a very short time, days or even hours, because of the new global communications system. There are no negotiations, there's no talking, there's nobody sitting around a table saying, 'This is what we're going to do,' or, 'How about re-negotiating this part?' That's not the way it happens. You just suddenly end up with a crisis in a particular country's currency. Such was the case with the collapse of the British pound sterling in 1991, the Scandinavian currencies in 1992 and 1993, and Mexico in 1994.

One of the things to watch for in the future will be such a devaluation of (an 'attack' on) the US dollar, which is the linchpin of the whole system. Now, one might ask, 'Why would traders want to pull out the linchpin?' Well, from an individual trader's point of view, it doesn't matter which currency you profit from, you just trade. If enough traders see an opportunity to profit by the dollar's fluctuations, they will exploit it because nobody believes that his or her individual action will bring down the entire system.

Central banks can often intervene when a currency is under attack by either buying or selling to counter speculators. But the volumes of money now being traded are so vast that even central banks may not have an impact. All the reserves of all the central banks together amount to about $640 billion, so all their reserves could be depleted in a third of a normal trading day.

This points directly to a second consequence: a growing interest in market instability because that is where one finds the opportunity for windfall profits. Big fluctuations in the values of currencies allow for big profits to be made by trading them.

Consider the following statements by leaders at opposite ends of the spectrum:

'The biggest concern today is the growing constituency for instability.'
- Paul Volcker, ex-governor of the US Federal Reserve, in Changing Fortunes.

'Instability is cumulative, so that the eventual breakdown of freely floating exchanges is ensured.'
- George Soros, the largest currency speculator today, in The Alchemy of Finance.

They both agree that there are many more people now who have an interest in profiting from instability; previously, they had an interest in stability. If you have an unstable system, it is just a question of when it will fly off the handle. It will blow apart at the moment when the US dollar experiences a crisis. When the dollar crisis occurs, the world will have no system left.

The only precedent I know is the collapse of the Roman monetary system. In the 1929 crash, the monetary system held. We had all kinds of other problems - unemployment, stock market crashes, currency inflation in Germany - but there was a gold standard that held. Today, we have no gold standard to fall back on. So there is no precedent for a collapse of this nature. And this would be a truly global phenomenon. All currencies in the world are based on the dollar. So if you have a crisis on the dollar, you pull out the linchpin and... boom.

The third consequence is something with which you are very familiar. As a great portion of the national currencies - about $2 trillion per day - is being turned around in the financial cyber-economy, there is just no satisfactory medium of exchange available to people at the bottom. National currencies are not widely available to the poorer parts of the population.

The age of labour as a key component of production is gone. If you don't have a job, you don't have 'money' (ie, national currency). Even despite the fact that structural unemployment is increasing, the economy can continue to 'grow' very well. Technology will shift us still further in that direction.

What is beginning to happen in the developed countries is a new phenomenon: an explosion of 'local currencies' - money that is not the national currency. We haven't seen this since the Great Depression when there were literally thousands of local currencies in the US and other countries affected by massive unemployment. By supporting the development of local money schemes, we may in fact create the groundwork for the next system. This could become one of the most powerful ways available to support citizen control. - Third World Network Features

About the writer: Bernard Lietaer has been a financial adviser to transnational corporations and to developing countries, and was a professor of international finance at the University of Louvain in Belgium. Most relevant is his experience as a successful professional currency speculator for the Gaia Hedge Funds. Now a research fellow at the Center for Sustainable Resources at the University of California, Berkeley, his new book is The Future of Money: Beyond Greed and Scarcity, due in 1998.

The above article first appeared in IFG News (Issue Two, Summer 1997), published by the International Forum on Globalisation, an alliance of activists, scholars, economists, researchers, and writers representing over 19 countries, which seeks to stimulate new thinking about the rapidly emerging economic and political arrangement called the global economy.

When reproducing this feature, please credit Third World Network Features and (if applicable) the cooperating magazine or agency involved in the article, and give the byline. Please send us cuttings.

For more information, please contact:

Third World Network
228, Macalister Road, 10400 Penang, Malaysia.
Email: twn@igc.apc.org; twnpen@twn.po.my
Tel: (+604)2293511,2293612 & 2293713; Fax: (+604)2298106 & 2264505



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Invisiblecarbonhoots
old hand

Registered: 09/11/01
Posts: 1,351
Loc: BC Canada
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Psilocybeingzz]
    #1241329 - 01/22/03 09:36 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)


That currency speculation a big part of the vampires' system. It's protected only by ignorance. And possibly demons.

Yep. Put's it in perspective. Good read. Gonna wait a long time for a rebuttle to this one. Pinky, c'mon and tell us how it is!


--------------------
  -I'd rather have a frontal lobotomy than a bottle in front of me

CANADIAN CENTER FOR POLICY ALTERNATIVES

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OfflinePhred
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Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: carbonhoots]
    #1241426 - 01/22/03 11:53 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)

carbonhoots writes:

Gonna wait a long time for a rebuttle to this one. Pinky, c'mon and tell us how it is!

The author himself explains how this has come about, and (implicitly) how to solve it. Right at the beginning he says:

"The first important act was former US President Richard Nixon's unleashing of the dollar from the gold standard in 1973. 'Floating' the dollar allowed currency values to be determined by traders in currency exchange markets."

And again right near the end he re-emphasizes:

"In the 1929 crash, the monetary system held. We had all kinds of other problems - unemployment, stock market crashes, currency inflation in Germany - but there was a gold standard that held. Today, we have no gold standard to fall back on."

This is why I have said in countless posts that governments should not be permitted to have any power over economics whatsoever, and ESPECIALLY not the power to print currency. The gold standard worked for millennia because gold cannot be counterfeited. Conversely, government-issued fiat currencies can be produced at will simply by running the printing presses longer -- legalized counterfeiting, pure and simple. Today, with the advent of electronic currency, not even printing presses are required. Currency arbitrage is impossible with anything but fiat currency -- it cannot take place in an environment where the only accepted medium of exchange is gold.

Note that the US was not the first country to abolish the gold standard, merely the one with the most universally-accepted currency. As a matter of fact, the US was one of the LAST countries to abandon the gold standard. Most of the readers of this thread won't remember this, but I certainly do -- it was only about five years after the US abandoned the gold standard that gold rose to over $800 an ounce. $800 was a lot of money in the late Seventies, believe me. It was also at this time that inflation was in the double digits, with mortgages running over 18% for a while. Defenders of the gold standard (universally scoffed at back then as "gold bugs") had predicted that both these disasters would occur. It took years of byzantine and desperate maneuverings by government manipulation of currency, deliberately-induced unemployment, and hit-and-miss tinkering with everything from price and wage controls to wild swings of the Federal Reserve rates to eventually calm things down a bit.

Note further that the first thing that every revolutionary "Socialist" regime has done historically is to not only detach the existing currency from gold, to not only insist that citizens must exchange their old banknotes for new (which are then almost instantly inflated into worthlessness), but to make the holding of gold by anyone other than the State a crime.

And, finally, observe that trading in foreign currency is not an ironclad way to get rich. It is as easy to lose money speculating in foreign currencies as it is to make money. That's why it is called "speculation", after all.

pinky


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OfflineGazzBut
Refraction

Registered: 10/15/02
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Loc: London UK
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Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Phred]
    #1241435 - 01/23/03 12:09 AM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Quote:

And, finally, observe that trading in foreign currency is not an ironclad way to get rich. It is as easy to lose money speculating in foreign currencies as it is to make money. That's why it is called "speculation", after all.




Not if you Arbitrage. You cannot lose. You can only vary the amount of money you make if it is performed correctly. Sneaky eh?


--------------------
Always Smi2le

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OfflinePhred
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Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: GazzBut]
    #1241442 - 01/23/03 12:19 AM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Even if this is true (and assuming all arbitrageurs always perform it correctly) the point is that it is only through government action that it is possible at all.

Humans are almost infinitely ingenious. The same principles used in arbitrage are the ones that sharp-eyed gamblers use to hedge or "layoff" bets when differing bookies offer differing odds on the same sporting event. I don't blame arbitrageurs for playing the system. I blame governments for creating such a bilkable system in the first place.

Since governments got us into this precarious position in the first place, they could get us out of it in either of two ways:

1) Return to the gold standard. This will never happen -- governments have too much to lose by doing so.

2) Institute high enough transaction surcharges to make arbitrage unprofitable. The profit margins in arbitrage are incredibly small, which is why it is really only a viable option for those with literally billions of dollars on hand. These margins could easily be wiped out if governments were to set transaction surchages higher.

pinky


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Edited by pinksharkmark (01/23/03 12:23 AM)

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Invisiblecarbonhoots
old hand

Registered: 09/11/01
Posts: 1,351
Loc: BC Canada
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Phred]
    #1243767 - 01/23/03 04:19 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)


Quote:

This is why I have said in countless posts that governments should not be permitted to have any power over economics whatsoever, and ESPECIALLY not the power to print currency. The gold standard worked for millennia because gold cannot be counterfeited


.

???

governments shouldn't have the power to print currency??? democrartic governments? Who would print it? Private banks I suppose. Private interests who of course would be removed from any sorts of annoying details like democratic elections.

Well, over 99% of the money has been created, in the form of credit, by private banks anyways. So you've almost got your wish.

The gold standard didn't work. That's why it was abandoned. It kept the supply of money too small which made it to hard for economies to expand. Ever since it was abandoned, economies have done much better. No one wants to return to the gold standard.



--------------------
  -I'd rather have a frontal lobotomy than a bottle in front of me

CANADIAN CENTER FOR POLICY ALTERNATIVES

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Invisiblecarbonhoots
old hand

Registered: 09/11/01
Posts: 1,351
Loc: BC Canada
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Phred]
    #1243824 - 01/23/03 04:40 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Quote:

I blame governments for creating such a bilkable system in the first place.





You know governments didn't create this system, and every time someone proposes regulating it, like with the tobin tax, the 'free market' fundamentalists, and the financial community oppose it.

It's suppose to be an example of the free market at work. It doesn't seem to be very concerned about civilization...not like democracy, which seeks to impose some sort of order on the international finanacial markets. To make them something other than vehicles for greed.


--------------------
  -I'd rather have a frontal lobotomy than a bottle in front of me

CANADIAN CENTER FOR POLICY ALTERNATIVES

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InvisibleEvolving
Resident Cynic

Registered: 10/01/02
Posts: 5,385
Loc: Apt #6, The Village
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: carbonhoots]
    #1243840 - 01/23/03 04:47 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Quote:

governments shouldn't have the power to print currency??? democrartic governments? Who would print it? Private banks I suppose.



Governments do it now with impunity. If private banks lent out money they didn't have, they could be charged with fraud (unless they explicitly state that they are a reserve lending institution).

Quote:

Well, over 99% of the money has been created, in the form of credit, by private banks anyways.



Banks who are working under the federal reserve system. The banks are underwritten BY THE TAXPAYERS. This is not a free market system, but a system supported by the government which protects bankers from bad business decisions and enriches them at the expense of the unsuspecting public.

Quote:

The gold standard didn't work. That's why it was abandoned.



WRONG. It was abandoned because it prevented governments from debasing the currency in order to enrich themselves and at the same time enrich the bankers who lobbied the government to the benefit of their industry.

Quote:

It kept the supply of money too small which made it to hard for economies to expand.



Please explain your reasoning behind this. If there is a finite supply of money, but goods and services expand in an economy, the general trend will be for prices to drop. Money is a medium of exchange, it is subject to the laws of supply and demand. Economies do not grow merely because there is more currency.

Quote:

Ever since it was abandoned, economies have done much better.



Do you mean like boom and bust cycles, depressions, and hyper inflation?

Quote:

No one wants to return to the gold standard.



You are obviously ill informed...
here
or here
or here


--------------------
To call humans 'rational beings' does injustice to the term, 'rational.'  Humans are capable of rational thought, but it is not their essence.  Humans are animals, beasts with complex brains.  Humans, more often than not, utilize their cerebrum to rationalize what their primal instincts, their preconceived notions, and their emotional desires have presented as goals - humans are rationalizing beings.

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Invisiblecarbonhoots
old hand

Registered: 09/11/01
Posts: 1,351
Loc: BC Canada
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Evolving]
    #1243868 - 01/23/03 04:58 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Good grief, were you taught this stuff in school?


--------------------
  -I'd rather have a frontal lobotomy than a bottle in front of me

CANADIAN CENTER FOR POLICY ALTERNATIVES

Edited by carbonhoots (01/23/03 05:01 PM)

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OfflinePsilocybeingzz
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Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Evolving]
    #1244424 - 01/23/03 09:20 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)

the federal reserve prints your money and its the biggest crime in history !!!!
look up the billderbergs
god dammit am I the only one that knows this!!!!!


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InvisibleEvolving
Resident Cynic

Registered: 10/01/02
Posts: 5,385
Loc: Apt #6, The Village
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Psilocybeingzz]
    #1245111 - 01/24/03 05:34 AM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Quote:

the federal reserve prints your money and its the biggest crime in history !!!!



I guess the term 'biggest' is subject to interpretation (I'm thinking of all the murders in the name of communism), but it is certainly one of the most devious and successful crimes in history... yeah, it's the biggest.


--------------------
To call humans 'rational beings' does injustice to the term, 'rational.'  Humans are capable of rational thought, but it is not their essence.  Humans are animals, beasts with complex brains.  Humans, more often than not, utilize their cerebrum to rationalize what their primal instincts, their preconceived notions, and their emotional desires have presented as goals - humans are rationalizing beings.

Edited by Evolving (01/24/03 05:41 AM)

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OfflineMAIA
World-BridgerKartikeya (DftS)
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Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Psilocybeingzz]
    #1245189 - 01/24/03 05:59 AM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Does anyone remember what the excess of spanish gold (currency) did to Europe pre capitalist economy and specifically to Spain and Portugal in the 16-17th century ?
Take your lesson from there.

MAIA


--------------------
Spiritual being, living a human experience ... The Shroomery Mandala



Use, do not abuse; neither abstinence nor excess ever renders man happy.
Voltaire

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InvisibleEvolving
Resident Cynic

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Posts: 5,385
Loc: Apt #6, The Village
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: MAIA]
    #1245228 - 01/24/03 06:19 AM (21 years, 2 months ago)

The amount of gold is not as 'elastic' as the amount of currency. Gold requires much more labor to mine and refine, in the modern Federal Reserve/electronic banking system all that's needed is to create ledger entries. Presto! New money, inflation of the money supply, lowering of the value of currency already held (by POOR PEOPLE as well as rich people) and the first ones to spend the new money get all the benefits. (it's not the working man or the poor who are benefitting from it)


--------------------
To call humans 'rational beings' does injustice to the term, 'rational.'  Humans are capable of rational thought, but it is not their essence.  Humans are animals, beasts with complex brains.  Humans, more often than not, utilize their cerebrum to rationalize what their primal instincts, their preconceived notions, and their emotional desires have presented as goals - humans are rationalizing beings.

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OfflinePsilocybeingzz
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Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Evolving]
    #1246989 - 01/24/03 11:29 PM (21 years, 2 months ago)

"I'm thinking of all the murders in the name of communism"

oh so thats why the states attacks counrtys that are democratic and socialist to free them right ???
they have a history of attacking commie dicktators(I know thats not the right spelling!) and leave Capitalist ones alone in fact "good socialist countrys" are attcked as well while horrible capitalist one are puppets of the states

communism doesnt have dictators (thats REAL communism)
I belive in anarchy anyway



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Edited by Psilocybeingzz (01/25/03 10:22 PM)

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InvisibleEvolving
Resident Cynic

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Posts: 5,385
Loc: Apt #6, The Village
Re: Global Trade is...... [Re: Psilocybeingzz]
    #1247088 - 01/25/03 02:18 AM (21 years, 2 months ago)

Quote:

oh so thats wht the states attacks counrtys that are democratic and socialist to free them right ???



What?!?!?!? Can you please rephrase/spell check that? The meaning totally eludes me.

Also, notice my phrasing, "I'm thinking of all the murders in the name of communism." All you have to do is look at the track record of death and human misery all in the name of communism. A small example, 5-10 million dead Ukrainians from a famine created in the name of communism to force collectivization of their farms.


--------------------
To call humans 'rational beings' does injustice to the term, 'rational.'  Humans are capable of rational thought, but it is not their essence.  Humans are animals, beasts with complex brains.  Humans, more often than not, utilize their cerebrum to rationalize what their primal instincts, their preconceived notions, and their emotional desires have presented as goals - humans are rationalizing beings.

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