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inna_ishi
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Registered: 04/26/06
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Real extraction and purification procedure
#6004264 - 08/28/06 10:41 AM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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Having chemistry back ground i am pretty sure that you people are not getting pure psilocybin extracts. DO ou have any idea what else is going to come out with an alcohol extraction. The only good way to purify psilocybin is with a chromotography colum after an acid base extraction and then it is still going to oxidise very quickly. Any way here is what you got to do. First dry your fruits totaly Then use a little distilled water mixed with D-tatraric acid enough acid to bring the PH of the solution to 4 Add the dried fruits to this and liquify in a blender. Now all the psilocin has been converted to the D-tartaric acid salt. This also leaves behind the inactive l isomer. let sit for a few hours. During this time make a 30% Sodium carbonate solution. Not baking soda. 30 gms NaCO :70 gms H2O. Filter the spent fruit out with coffe filters Take the filtrate mix with tolune or xylene this will remove any non polar oils or junk. when it settles completely into two layers completely pour off the top xylene/toluene layer {discard it contains no product} next add the NaCo solution drop by drop to the water product tartaric until the Ph is about 10 do not go any higher or you will destroy your stuff. the solution should trun white or cloudy. this step converts the psilocin tartarate salt back to psilocin freebase. NOw take some new xylene/toluene and add it to the freebase solution. At this point the psilocin will dissolve into the xylene/toluene. shake it until all the cloudiness dissappears. pour off the top xylene/toluene layer and this time keep it. it contains your product. to make this into crystal it is now nescesart to convert it back to a salt with some more tatraric acid. make a 10%acid solution with water 100mg/gram of water. Add a little water to the toluene/xylene then add drop by drop the acid solution. check the ph every few drops. when the water layer has a ph of 4.5 you are done. use a dropper to suck the water layer up and pour onto a plate. this will dry into a crystaline mass. At this point you can eat them or you can purify further to do this scrape up the crystals and put them into a vial. then heat some methanol to its boiling point. pour the hot methanol onto the crystals only enough to dissolve them . then put the vial into the freezer. in a few hours you will have a geode of 90%+/- psilocin
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RogerRabbit
Bans for Pleasure


Registered: 03/26/03
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: inna_ishi]
#6004907 - 08/28/06 02:59 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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Wow. That sure sounds like a lot of work to avoid soaking in everclear, then filtering and evaporating off.
How much $$$ is required to obtain all those chemicals and do they look at you funny when you do? RR
-------------------- Download Let's Grow Mushrooms semper in excretia sumus solim profundum variat "I've never had a failed experiment. I've only discovered 10,000 methods which do not work." Thomas Edison
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EquilibriuM
dream stalker

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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: inna_ishi]
#6005752 - 08/28/06 07:08 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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I like to extract the mushrooms into some chocolate then extract the chemicals using a very complicated biological process. Hasn't failed me yet!
-------------------- HELP!!!!!!!!!
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monstermitch
Growing in Bags Doesn't Work


Registered: 02/10/06
Posts: 3,911
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: EquilibriuM]
#6005760 - 08/28/06 07:10 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
EquilibriuM said: I like to extract the mushrooms into some chocolate then extract the chemicals using a very complicated biological process. Hasn't failed me yet!
I too use this complicated extraction. It is well worth the effort.
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wiggles
Miffed a Milf


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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: monstermitch]
#6006029 - 08/28/06 08:26 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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A few questions: firstly, are there legal uses for the following items (or easily available sources for obtaining them): D-tatraric acid Sodium carbonate (if not baking soda) toluene
The xylene I doubt I can get my hands on unless a friend of mine does some covert ops in her research lab. Also, since xylene is pretty derned corrosive, would regular ph test strips or a metal ph tester be damaged by measuring the solutions?
Thanks so much for the step by step walkthrough either way. Since you seem to know what you're talking about, would a simple nonpolar extraction followed by a polar extraction work reasonably effectively (like an LSA extraction)?
I'm by no means a chemist, but I've learned a lot, and I'm trying to learn more.
--------------------
  You can turn your back on a person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when its waving a razor sharp hunting knife in your eye. Hunter S. Thompson
Edited by wiggles (08/28/06 08:29 PM)
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shroomydan
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: inna_ishi]
#6006417 - 08/28/06 09:31 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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As others have noted, most of us are not trying to reach %100 purity. However, for those who for whatever reason desire chemical purity, your post may be quite beneficial. Thank you for your contribution.
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Tamadragon
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: shroomydan]
#6006679 - 08/28/06 10:31 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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interesting. where does one get those chemicals? and are they safe to use? methanol, xylene,and toluene are not safe to use, as far as i know.
what is D-tartaric acid used for?
-------------------- ~Tama Peace I get real lonely
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inna_ishi
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: Tamadragon]
#6006792 - 08/28/06 11:04 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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With any chemicals you must be careful the sodium carbonate comes very cheap at the pool store the d tartaric acid can be had from small Mom and pop chem suppliers. There are many. Methanol is available at BP in the yellow bottle 99.99%pure. xylene and toluene come from the hardware store. And yes this post was for those desireing to obtain pure product. I do not doubt that the other methods do produce an active product. But it is probably around 10 -20%pure. 90+% products can be snorted and smoked. without to much degredation. It would cost about 30 dollars to obtain these chems
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fastfred
Old Hand



Registered: 05/17/04
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: inna_ishi]
#6007279 - 08/29/06 05:37 AM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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Holy hell! You guys might want to research this a little bit or get a few 2nd opinions before you start thanking him too much. Of course, I could be wrong and perhaps he can clarify a few things.
As far as is my understanding, none of what he's said is correct.
As far as the questions... Toluene and xylene are easily available in the hardware store. Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 (not NaCO) is washing soda and can be found in many stores. There aren't really any uses for d-tartaric acid. It costs about $1/g. l-tartaric acid is the natural form though, so it's going to look pretty weird if you're ordering it.
As far as "simple nonpolar extraction followed by a polar extraction". That would not work at all. It would work to wash the power to remove some impurities before the polar extraction, but non-polar solvents will NOT remove polar compounds. That's really basic chemistry and I was hoping my post in your other thread would help you out on that subject.
> DO ou have any idea what else is going to come out with an alcohol extraction.
Yes, most moderately polar compounds. It's not really much of a problem though and there are better ways to clean it up than an acid base extraction.
> The only good way to purify psilocybin is with a chromatography column after an acid base extraction and then it is still going to oxidize very quickly.
You don't need to do an acid-base extraction if you're going to chromatograph it. The oxidation factor is why it's not that great of an idea to purify it or concentrate it to crystals in the first place.
>...use a little distilled water mixed with D-tatraric acid...
Why tartaric acid? And why is the chirality important?
> Now all the psilocin has been converted to the D-tartaric acid salt.
Do you have any reference for this? I've never heard of psilocin tartrate.
> This also leaves behind the inactive l isomer.
???
> Take the filtrate mix with tolune or xylene this will remove any non polar oils or junk.
You extracted with a polar solvent (water), so you shouldn't really have any non-polar junk in it.
> ...add the NaCo solution drop by drop to the water product tartaric until the Ph is about 10 do not go any higher or you will destroy your stuff.
10 is way too high. I don't think you'd have anything left by the time you hit a pH of 10.
> pour off the top xylene/toluene layer and this time keep it.
> to make this into crystal it is now necessary to convert it back to a salt with some more tatraric acid.
Why not just evap. and get the freebase powder at this point?
If I were going to do anything like this procedure I would simply extract with aqueous ethanol (everclear), add toluene/xylene, basify to drive it into the non-polar solvent, separate, and evap the solvent to get the freebase. Or just separate, then acidify to precipitate the psilocin from the solution, and filter to recover the crystals.
Your procedure seems kind of tedious, dubious, and inefficient. On the other hand you bring up some good ideas about using acid-base foolery to do the extraction.
I think the basifying step will destroy most of the product. Even if it didn't you would still be wasting a lot of product by using all these steps.
It makes sense in some cases to extract mushrooms (using a standard aqueous or ethanol extraction) so that 3-4 grams can fit easily into one pill, but what is the point of purifying it further? A smaller pill?
I used to think about making psiloc(yb)in blotter hits... The way that would work would be to do a standard extraction then concentrate your solution to the proper amount where you could use some sort of aqueous solvent system [maybe butanol-acetic acid-water (12:3:5)] to separate the components. Then just cut out that band from your chromatography (blotter) paper and BAM you've got shroom hits.
Well anyhow, those are my thoughts...
-FF
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geko127
Demolition Man


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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: fastfred]
#6007481 - 08/29/06 08:31 AM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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Hears some good info ya all might wana read.
An Aqueous-Organic Extraction Method for the Isolation and Identification of Psilocin from Hallucinogenic Mushrooms J. F. Casale J. Forens. Sci. 30(1), 247-250 (1985) HTML by Rhodium
Abstract A simple aqueous extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from Psilocybe Cubensis mushrooms is reported. This method employs a dephosphorylation of the phosphate ester to psilocin, which facilitates a greater product yield and simplifies identification. Psilocin extracted by this method is sufficiently concentrated and free of co-contaminants to allow identification by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
The tryptamines are one of four categories of hallucinogenic indoles in more than 20 classes of indole compounds comprising approximately 600 alkaloids1. Considerable research has been conducted with psilocin and psilocybin since their isolation by Hofmann et. al.2 Several extraction techniques1,3-6 have been used to isolate psilocin and psilocybin from more than two dozen species of mushrooms in four genera (Conocybe. Panaeolus, Psilocybe, Stropharia). The techniques that use methanol co-extract other compounds such as urea, ergosterol, ergosteral peroxide, ¦Á,¦Á-trehalose, baeocystin, and norbaeocystin3,4,7. At present, a useful aqueous extraction procedure has not been reported for psilocin and psilocybin.
The dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin in vivo has been well documented1,8,9 and is thought to account for most or all of its central nervous system activity8. Conversion of psilocybin to psilocin is also necessary for aqueous extraction with organic solvents because of the very low lipid solubility of psilocybin. Extraction of only one compound also permits infrared analysis of the extract.
Concentration and detectability of psilocin and psilocybin are dependent on several variables, including:
The absence of glucose, which will prevent the production of psilocybin10. Low levels of ammonium succinate, which will give poor yields of psilocybin10. The growing medium, which requires a pH of less than 710. Timing: maximum production of psilocybin occurs on the seventh day after germination, while maximum production of the mycelium is reached by the ninth day10. Temperature: complete loss of psilocin and psilocybin will occur in harvested mushrooms left at room temperature for an extended period of time3. Oxidation: psilocin will oxidize to a blue product (possibly accounting for the bluing color in the four genera containing psilocin and psilocybin)9. Because of the increasing popularity of these mushrooms and kits available from drug oriented publications for growing mushrooms containing psilocin and psilocybin in cow manure a simple aqueous extraction procedure has been developed that extracts reasonably pure psilocin from mature mushrooms. This extraction method greatly simplifies the identification of psilocin from those mushrooms by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS).
Experimental A representative sample of 2 to 10g of dried mushrooms is ground to a fine powder by mortar and pestle. The powder is mixed with 100 mL of dilute acetic acid in a 250-mL beaker. The pH is readjusted to pH 4 with glacial acetic acid. After standing 1 h, the beaker is placed in a boiling water bath for 8 to 10 min or until the internal temperature of the acid mixture reaches 70¡ãC. The beaker is removed and cooled to room temperature under running water. The acid mixture is separated from the mushroom powder by suction filtration using glass wool. The filtrate is brought to pH 8 with concentrated ammonium hydroxide and quickly extracted with two 50-mL portions of diethyl ether. Gentle mixing instead of shaking should be used to prevent an emulsion. The ether is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated under nitrogen with no applied heat.
Crude psilocin will appear as a greenish residue. Recrystallization from chloroform/heptane (1:3) yields white crystals. The resulting powder can then be submitted to infrared and mass spectral analyses.
Results and Discussion This method permits rapid isolation of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushrooms by co-extraction of both psilocin and psilocybin. Dilute acetic acid is an excellent solvent for this purpose, because both compounds are very soluble in acetic acid11 and very little of other interfering substances are extracted, It is most likely some other compounds are co-extracted but are removed from psilocin in the ether extraction from the aqueous base. Psilocybin is completely dephosphorytated to psilocin by heating the acid extract. After addition of the base, extraction into ether should be performed promptly, because of decomposition of psilocin at a greater pH than 712. The extraction and dephosporylation steps produce reasonably pure psilocin from a small amount of mushroom material. Two grams of mushrooms will often be sufficient to obtain an infrared spectrum of psilocin (Fig. 1). Smaller mushrooms exhibits provide ample psilocin for mass spectral analysis (Fig. 2).
This method has been used in our laboratory for six months and has given excellent results in separating psilocin from methanol-soluble compounds. Other identification techniques such as gas chromatography and microcrystalline tests are possible on psilocin extracted by this method.
References Schultes, R. E., "Indole Alkaloids in Plant Hallucinogens" Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jan.-March 1976, pp. 7-25. Hofmann, A., Heim, R., Barck, A., Kobel, H., Frey, A., et al, "Psilicybin [sic] and Psilocin" Helvetica Chimica Acta, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1959, pp. 1557-1572. Beug, M. W. and Bigwood, J., "Quantitative Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Psilicybe Baeocystis (Singer and Smith) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and by Thin-Layer Chromatography" Journal of Chromatography, Vol 207, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 379-385. Koike, Y., Wada, K., Kusano, G., Nozoe, S., and Yokoyama, K., "Isolation of Psilocybin from Psilocybe Argentypes and Its Determination in Specimens of Some Mushrooms" Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 44, No. 3, May-June 1981, pp. 362-365. Ott, J. and Guzm¨¢n, G., "Detection of Psilocybin in Species of Psilocybe Panaeolus and Psathyrella" Lloydia, Vol. 39, No. 4, July-Aug. 1976, pp. 258-260. Guzm¨¢n, G. and Ott, J., "Description and Chemical Analysis of a New Species of Hallucinogenic Psilocybe from the Pacific Northwest" Mycologia, Vol. 68, No. 6, Nov. 1976, pp. 1261-1267. Lenny, A. W. and Paul, A. G., "Baeocystin and Norbaeocystin: New Analogs of Psilocybin form Psilocybe Baeocystis" Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 57, No. 10, Oct. 1968, pp. 1667-1671. Horita, A. and Weber, L. J., "Dephosphorylation of Psilocybin in the Intact Mouse" Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 4, No. 6. Nov. pp. 730-737. Horita, A. and Weber, L. J., "The Enzymatic Dephosphorylation and Oxidation of Psilocybin and Psilocin by Mammalian Tissue Homogenates" Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1961, pp. 47-54. Catalfomo, P. and Tyler, V. E., "The Production of Psilocybin in Submerged Culture by Psilocybe Cubensis" Lloydia, Vol. 27, No. 1, March, 1964, pp. 53-63. Clarke, E. G. C., Isolation and Identification of Drugs, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1974, p. 526. Agurell, S. and Eilsson, L., "Biosynthesis of Psilocybin Part II. Incorporation of Labeled Tryptamine Derivatives" Acta Chemica Scandinavica, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1968, pp. 1210-1218. ________________________________________________________________________________
Not bad HUH, Geko was very suprised to read that there's 600 alkaloids in all in them shrooms, Thats just amazing
-------------------- LIFE IS A BITCH, AND THEN YOU MARRY ONE. BUT SUCH IS LIFE !
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fastfred
Old Hand



Registered: 05/17/04
Posts: 6,899
Loc: Dark side of the moon
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: geko127]
#6010853 - 08/30/06 05:59 AM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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There are apparently 20 classes of indole compounds totaling about 600 alkaloids, not 600 alkaloids present in mushies.
Using TLC on aqueous extractions (aqueous ethanol and acetic acid) you get about 4-6 easily resolved spots. That indicates 4-6 major components in the extractions which move with, and can be resolved by, the usual solvent system [butanol-acetic acid-water (12:3:5)].
Your post was quite interesting and informative, but I don't really see the need to go that far. It is good that it points out the problems with that type of extraction. Mainly the instability of psilocin in alkaline solutions, the fact that the psilocybin is dephosphorylated, and that you end up with an easily oxidized product containing only psilocin.
The complexity makes it difficult to do and will result in the loss of quite a bit of product. Getting chloroform and heptane is also not so easy. You need a pretty pure product to get a decent IR, so it's way above what you would want to do just to get active and semi-pure product.
I think it would be easier just to do a simple extraction using ethanol or acetic acid. Then if you want to get fancier just get a vacuum still for removing the solvent.
The article points to the acetic acid and heat as dephosphorylating the psilocybin, but I've seen more recent research that indicates that it is more due to enzymatic dephosphorylation. Also most of the papers I've seen suggest 30 min @ 70C in acetic acid as being the best way to get complete dephosphorylation.
In another thread we were talking about using EDTA as a chelating agent to deactivate the dephosphosphorylating enzymes to get a higher yield of psilocybin with both ethanol and acetic acid. That might be something to look into.
-FF
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Tamadragon
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: fastfred]
#6012432 - 08/30/06 05:07 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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what is EDTA? how does a chelating agent deactivate the enzymes? and is a vacuum still just a vacuum filter flask setup?
-------------------- ~Tama Peace I get real lonely
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fastfred
Old Hand



Registered: 05/17/04
Posts: 6,899
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: Tamadragon]
#6014668 - 08/31/06 05:56 AM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
Tamadragon said: what is EDTA? how does a chelating agent deactivate the enzymes? and is a vacuum still just a vacuum filter flask setup?
"EDTA is the chemical compound ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EDTA is a chelating agent."
"Annual consumption of EDTA is about 35,000 tons in 1999 in Europe and 50,000 tons in the US."
"It's added to food as a preservative or stabilizer and for iron fortification."
It also has many other uses and is considered safe. Anyway the phosphatase enzymes responsible for converting psilocybin to psilocin are activated by zinc. That is to say that they can't function until, or unless, they are complexed with zinc ions. A chelating agent removes metal and other ions from the solution, thereby inactivating the enzymes.
Here is the thread where McJosh13 came up with the idea and we discussed it a bit. I'm pretty sure it will work, and it should be a pretty good advance for aqueous extractions of psilocybin. I think it remains to be tried yet, but the theory is sound.
http://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php?Cat=0&Board=Forum4&Number=5925991
A vacuum still is a little more than just a filter flask setup. They are very useful for rapidly removing solvent without using hardly any heat, or even any at all if you have a decent vac pump.
A normal setup would consist of a distillation flask, a still head, a condenser, a vacuum adapter, and the receiving flask. You'll also need a vacuum source (aspirator or pump), and a source of circulating cold water to cool the condenser. You'll probably also want a needle valve to control vacuum pressure and a vacuum trap to catch any solvent overflow from getting into your pump.
Here is a pic of a normal vacuum still setup...

The round bottom distillation flask will work alright. You can use a water bath to gently warm it. If you want to use a stover burner or hotplate you can get a flat bottomed erlenmeyer flask with the proper joint at the top also.
So anyway you just attach the water and vacuum source to the setup and then you can quickly boil away your solvent at room temperature or with only slight warming. You're using almost no heat, you're recovering your solvent to use again in the receiving flask, and you have no dangerous solvent fumes coming off your extract to catch fire or smell suspicious. It's a really handy tool to have. I wish I had one... I've used plenty and used to have a couple nice ones, but no longer.
The same glassware can also do plenty of other useful other things like reflux, fractionate, column elution, etc..
-FF
Edited by fastfred (08/31/06 06:10 AM)
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Tamadragon
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: fastfred]
#6016678 - 08/31/06 08:56 PM (17 years, 5 months ago) |
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nice thanks man. that's a good response post
-------------------- ~Tama Peace I get real lonely
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alcehmist8
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: geko127]
#20418323 - 08/14/14 03:09 PM (9 years, 6 months ago) |
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Chemist here. There are some changes you should make using safer and more available chemicals.
1. Don't use glacial acetic acid. Just use distilled white vinegar. Cheap and not dangerous.
2. Don't, for the love of the gods, use chloroform. It is a carcinogen. Dichloromethane is much safer. It's also a very good stand in for flammable hydrocarbons since it is inflammable. Just don't get on your skin or into any cuts. You won't do it twice, let's say.
3. Get yourself a separatory funnel for the extractions. Watch some videos on how to use it. dichloromethane is twice as dense as water, and it will layer below the water layer in a separatory funnel.
4. Wear thin, well fitting neoprene gloves. Dichloromethane will quickly penetrate nitrile and latex gloves.
5. At the end of the extraction/purification, acidify the product with hydrochloric acid. Then evaporate to dryness. The excess hydrochloric acid will leave as a vapor, and you should be left with the chloride salts of the alkaloids. Acidifying the alkaloids will make them much more stable. Freebases of amines are temperature sensitive and can decompose upon exposure to air. Recrystallization is your best method of purification. You probably can't use silica chromatography with amines. Amines tend to stick to the silica or decompose on the column. And you need fancy equipment to do chromatography. It's also a bit of an art. Methanol would probably be a great recrystallization solvent. It's not watched. It can be used for cleaning materials. Say you do art with plastics if anyone asks.
6. Dichloromethane can be purchased without suspicion since it is a cleaning agent. It can also be used to treat and bond acrylic plastic. Say you're doing 3D printing, or art. No one will ask. I'd still pay cash, regardless. hydrochloric acid should also be easy to get. Stick to one molar unless you have your own fume hood. The concentrated, 12 molar stuff is dangerous and the fumes can make you pass out.
7. Falsehoods in the above: tartaric acid is used in cooking. Nobody will think twice if you buy it. Toluene and xylene are inert to metals. They are no corrosive. Don't use chloroform.
8. Be very careful with flammable solvents. Don't heat with a flame. Use a hot plate meant for chemistry (sparkless motors). Have a fire extinguisher handy. Make sure you have good ventilation. Wear safety glasses. Chemistry labs have tons of safety precautions built in. It's not trivial, and not something you can afford to ignore. Touch the gods with these compounds, not by burning up in a basement lab fire.
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Ice9
3X Ban Lotto Champion



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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: alcehmist8]
#20422338 - 08/15/14 11:41 AM (9 years, 6 months ago) |
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Alchemist, I hope if you are a chemist you take this message to heart. Inflammable means it can burn. Dichlormethane (methylene chloride) has a flash point of 93C, please be cautious using it around ignition sources.
As to the OP procedure... stopped reading when I saw he was trying to use a chiral resolution on an achiral compound. Waste of time/effort/materials.
Edit: lol at the necro on this, just noticed
-------------------- The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man. -- George Brenard Shaw
Edited by Ice9 (08/15/14 08:26 PM)
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sporeless
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Re: Real extraction and purification procedure [Re: fastfred]
#20428005 - 08/16/14 03:08 PM (9 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
fastfred said:
I think it would be easier just to do a simple extraction using ethanol or acetic acid. Then if you want to get fancier just get a vacuum still for removing the solvent.
The article points to the acetic acid and heat as dephosphorylating the psilocybin, but I've seen more recent research that indicates that it is more due to enzymatic dephosphorylation. Also most of the papers I've seen suggest 30 min @ 70C in acetic acid as being the best way to get complete dephosphorylation.
-FF
I thought the dephosphorylation of psilocybin was simpler than that. I remember reading somewhere that it happens in an acidic environment. If one were to do an extract with ethanol and Vitamin C (as an acid) wouldn't most of the psilocybin be converted to psilocin? The Vitamin C also acts as an anti-oxidant, inhibiting the oxidation of psilocin, correct?
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