For those with a facts & factoids fetish I'd like to start out with:
acquiring nuclear fusion technology as a means to solve the energy crisis
The same energy that drives the stars we can already release in one mighty pulse in hydrogen bombs. Allthough very useful in deep-space demolition and engineering in the nearby future, as well as in spacecraft propulsion, this has little use to us now.
What does have use is that we're working towards using fusion energy as a means to provide us electrical power. Basically what the technology entails is that if you heat certain light atom isotopes hot enough, they will bump into eachother hard enough that two atoms fuse into one. Once you have overcome the repellant force of the atoms, the fusion itself releases way more heat than you put into it. Basically, just like with firewood - if you light it, it will burn.
The big plus of this technology is that is is a lot cleaner than the fuel alternatives we now have, but moreover that the energy reserves we have for nuclear fusion are inexhaustible save for Lithium. There will NEVER be a Peak Deuterium or Peak Helium-3 like there now is a Peak Oil. Fusion energy will provide us with limitless power. Space is loaded with fusion fuel, and once you acquire space travel on an interstellar scale, every doubling of the distance you can travel will cause the fusion fuel available to you to increase an eightfold.
First stop will be deuterium-tritium fusion (D+T)
The fusion we're currently working on is Tritium/Deuterium fusion, or the fusion between heavy and superheavy hydrogen. This superheavy hydrogen we must make ourself (by irradiating Lithium with neutrons) and has as a drawback that it is highly radioactive. The fusion reaction too can be considered to be the dirtiest fusion reaction, as it generates the most neutrons of all. In essence this reaction consumes Lithium deuteride, classic hydrogen bomb fuel, of which the deuterium supply is infinite but the lithium supply here on earth can be depleted, as with fossile fuels. The reason we are considering this dirty and non-renewable form of fusion at all is because it is the fusion fuel that is easiest to ignite, thus the easiest to achieve, and the embarassing part of it is that development of nuclear fusion has a bad funding problem, so that corporate and governmental investors have to be shown fusion can actually be profitable before we can develop more difficult but more renewable and less "dirty"forms of fusion energy.
The next stop will probably be pure-deuterium fusion (D+D)
The earth has rich deposits of deuterium (heavy hydrogen) within its hydrogen, because deuterium was formed during the Big Bang, and distributed along with the hydrogen in an isotopic mix. Deuterium fusion is a whole lot easier to accomplish than the fusion of light hydrogen such as occurs in the bright stars, though some of the smallest and dimmest stars (brown dwarfs) virtually burn deuterium only because of this greater ease of ignition. The problem is that it generates quite some hard radioactivity in the form of free neutrons, but this is an acceptable problem we can work around, and we may actually find use of this neutron flux, such as in isotopic synthesis. The fuel of this reaction is non-radioactive, the reaction produces neutrons and the ashes are radioactive, but this ashes in fact is superior fuel so we can "burn off"radioactivity until none is left. The Deuterium supply is inexhaustible. There is a huge deposit of deuterium on earth and there is an inexhaustible supply in our solar system and beyond.
Last stop will be pure helium-3 fusion (3He+3He)
This is a dreamer's dream, but it is as real as the other forms of fusion, the difference is that we need to space-travel to actually get to its fuel, first 300.000 kilometers to the moon, and then about 2.5-3 billion kilometers to Uranus and the other gas giant planets of our solar system. The good news is that the Moon has such large deposits that we can probably easily travel fast enough to reach the gas giants at a convenient timeframe well before the moon's deposits run out. Helium-3, or light helium, is formed by the Big Bang and thus readily available in nearby space. The problem with earth's helium is that Uranium decay in our soil makes a lot of "normal" helium, which greatly dilutes the valuable light helium. The good part about Helium-3 fusion is that it is totally clean: it produces NO neutrons, which means that the fuel, nor the ashes, nor the actual burning produces a form of radioactivity which pollutes. It is completely clean fusion energy, and in space it comes in an inexhaustible supply as it can be extracted from the atmosphere of gas giant planets, which are abundant in the known universe.
The inexhaustible "Big Bang" fuels deuterium and helium-3 will completely take care of our energy needs no matter how great these needs will become, or how many trillion humans and descendants will live among the stars, and it is likely that more convenient sources of energy may be found in the unforseeable future.
To give you an idea of how potent fusion fuels are: A standard "barrel of oil" (one of those big metal drums of over 200 liters capacity) contains roughly 2 billion calories of extractable energy. An equal-weight barrel of any one of these fusion fuels represents the extractable energy of 5 million barrels of oil, which is a megaton of oil, or 10-16, ten million billion calories. To give you an idea: one such barrel harbors as much energy production as the world's largest oilfield (Ghawar, Saudi Arabia) produces in a day, and 6.000 barrels of fusion fuel, a mere 50 gasoline trucks full, represents the extractable energy of the annual world oil production.
Once we have electric energy, we can turn that into chemical fuel again, such as for hydrogen powered cars and fuel cells.
So: solving the energy crisis is just around the corner!
-------------------- Omnicyclion.org
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