There was a recent discussion within the MH&I section, wherein a young man had created a thread about a friend of his becoming ill, after eating mushrooms found over a septic field. He was concerned that he had poisoned his friend, thus was seeking information. Due to all, a discussion relevant to the various pathogens known to be within manure took place, as well as the benefits of composting it, prior to usage for fertilization purposes. I mentioned that minimal studies had taken place regarding the transference to crops of two pathogens found within manure and manure amended soils, and that those pathogens were resistant to current medications.
I have since discovered and reviewed one abstract, and wished to post it within said thread, yet I can no longer locate it, via search of words I knew the young man had typed within his original post. Perhaps the young man's thread was deleted, since it discussed illness due to having eaten mushrooms; I do not know. It would have been most appropriate to be able to place the abstract and overall review abstract within said thread. Since I cannot locate it, I have created a new thread within the same section for the new member, so that he may easily locate it, as opposed to placing it within the contamination section. If the thread still exists, and a moderator wishes combine this thread within it for said new member's benefit, then provide me with a link to it, that would be wonderful. Although the first abstract is not one of the resistant pathogens I had mentioned, it is relevant to the transference of pathogens from manure to crops, while the abstract of the review of the few studies having taken place does indeed reference one of the two pathogens, as well as a few more of them. There also exist related studies upon the sourced website, and they can be found to the right, after accessing it.
J Food Prot. 2009 Nov;72(11):2308-12.
Transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from soil, water, and manure contaminated with low numbers of the pathogen to lettuce plants.
Mootian G1, Wu WH, Matthews KR.
Author information
Abstract
The sources of contamination of leafy greens remain unclear, but it is evident that contaminated water, soil amendments, and wildlife likely contribute. The objective of the present study was to determine transfer of low numbers of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from soil, manure-amended soil, and water to growing lettuce plants. Lettuce plants, young (12 days of age) or mature (30 days of age), were grown in soil, manure-amended soil, or irrigated with water containing 10(1), 10(2), 10(3), or 10(4) CFU E. coli O157:H7 per g or ml. Harvested plants were processed to determine whether E. coli O157:H7 was associated with the entire plant or within internal locations. Young plants (12 days) were harvested at 1, 10, 20, and 30 days postexposure. No samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7 after direct plating of serial dilutions. Enrichment of all samples from young plants exposed to contaminated soil, manure-amended soil, and irrigation water demonstrated that approximately 21% (113 of 552) of plants were positive for E. coli O157:H7. Approximately 30% (36 of 120) of the mature plants initially irrigated with or grown in contaminated soil (including manure-amended soil) for 15 days were positive for E. coli O157:H7. Based on sterilization of surface tissue, E. coli O157:H7 was in protected locations of lettuce tissue.
The results suggest that lettuce exposed to, and grown in the presence of, low numbers of E. coli O157:H7 may become contaminated and thus present a human health risk."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903393
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Overall Review:
J Food Prot. 2012 Nov;75(11):2055-81. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-160.
Risk factors for microbial contamination in fruits and vegetables at the preharvest level: a systematic review.
Park S1, Szonyi B, Gautam R, Nightingale K, Anciso J, Ivanek R.
Author information
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of risk factors for contamination of fruits and vegetables with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 at the preharvest level. Relevant studies were identified by searching six electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CAB Abstracts, AGRIS, AGRICOLA, and FSTA, using the following thesaurus terms: L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, E. coli O157 AND fruit, vegetable. All search terms were exploded to find all related subheadings. To be eligible, studies had to be prospective controlled trials or observational studies at the preharvest level and had to show clear and sufficient information on the process in which the produce was contaminated. Of the 3,463 citations identified, 68 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Most of these studies were on leafy greens and tomatoes. Six studies assessed produce contamination with respect to animal host-related risk factors, and 20 studies assessed contamination with respect to pathogen characteristics. Sixty-two studies assessed the association between produce contamination and factors related to produce, water, and soil, as well as local ecological conditions of the production location. While evaluations of many risk factors for preharvest-level produce contamination have been reported, the quality assessment of the reviewed studies confirmed the existence of solid evidence for only some of them, including growing produce on clay-type soil, the application of contaminated or non-pH-stabilized manure, and the use of spray irrigation with contaminated water, with a particular risk of contamination on the lower leaf surface.
In conclusion, synthesis of the reviewed studies suggests that reducing microbial contamination of irrigation water and soil are the most effective targets for the prevention and control of produce contamination. Furthermore, this review provides an inventory of the evaluated risk factors, including those requiring more research.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23127717
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