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Dispersion of electromagnetic waves in space

Dispersion is the change of index of refraction with wavelength. Generally the index decreases as wavelength increases, blue light traveling more slowly in the material than red light. When the refractive index decreases as wavelength decreases the situation is known as anomalous dispersion, and has been observed at X-ray frequencies and higher. Any refracting medium offers some degree of dispersion including vacuum. Different vacuums at different energy levels, such as the space within a strong gravitational field, have different refractive index and also a different degree of dispersion. Such dispersion effect in space is not generally noticed since the effect is much smaller than with a glass prism within the visible spectrum, but nonetheless, must theoretically have a non zero value. This dispersion effect would give Plancktons of different frequencies, different velocities while travelling in space.
Applet demonstrating effect
Now that we know about the distribution curve of Planckton energy, about the refractive index of space, and about the presence of anomalous dispersion expected at high frequencies from refractive mediums, we can work out what happens to the Planckton energy as each wave travels at subluminal (less than c) velocities from the universe core to each body in existence. Let's consider our solar system, a space in which we measure the speed of light to be equal to c. The refractive index of space would slow down electromagnetic waves of higher frequencies to subluminal velocities. All waves in the Planckton energy band would be moving at a velocity less than c. The interesting part of this process, is that even though electromagnetic waves do not act upon each other, the resultant radiation pressure does add up at any point in space. In the diagram shown above, the lower white curve is simply the addition of the waves above it. The poynting vector of such a wave packet will thus be detected as an impulse over the target, more like an individual particle push than a continous force. What's even more interesting is that this wave packet does travel at superluminal speeds, even though its constituent waves are classical electromagnetic waves. This is not an artifact, it's a real energy packet travelling at superluminal speeds, with characteristics that would certainly fit the theorised graviton, or the ultramundane particles which Le Sage has described as most certainly they must be of exceeding swiftness and must be carried far more quickly that the light of the Sun and had estimated their speed to be at least 1013 times c.

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© Engineer Xavier Borg - Blaze Labs Research

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cleen, did you just make this website?

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ESA Takes Steps Toward Quantum Communications

Science Daily — A team of European scientists has proved within an ESA study that the weird quantum effect called 'entanglement' remains intact over a distance of 144 kilometres.

Single photon transmitter optics module (Alice) in La Palma aligned towards Tenerife (visible in the upper right corner). The quantum source is located inside a portacabin (not shown here) and is connected to the transmitter optics module via standard optical fibre. (Credit: University of Vienna (A) and Max Planck Institute (D))

Those two entangled photons can then be separated but as soon as one of them interacts with a third particle, the other photon of the pair will change its quantum state instantaneously.


Single photon transmitter optics module (Alice) in La Palma aligned towards Tenerife (visible in the upper right corner). The quantum source is located inside a portacabin (not shown here) and is connected to the transmitter optics module via standard optical fibre.

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> Dont you think we should stop saying "c is the speed of light"

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Nope. By definition, the symbol C represents the scalar speed of light in a vacuum. The value of C is a constant regardless of the velocity (speed and direction) of the observer. I suppose we could go back a hundred years and call it V instead of C the way Maxwell did in his original equations... though again, the reason it was changed by Einstein from V to C is because the speed of light (in vacuum) is constant in all cases.

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> Speed of Radio waves just sounds slower doesn't it ?

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Every square is a rectangle, but not every rectangle is a square. Every radio wave is a light wave, but not every light wave is radio wave. Calling light waves radio waves is only correct in a very small region of the spectrum.

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> Speed of electricity might be the more uniform denominator

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Unfortunately, electricity doesn't have a speed. Charge, one component of electricity, can flow and certainly has a speed. Electrons also propagate down a conductor, but they move very slow.

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> Communication faster than light ?

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By our current understanding of physics, not possible.

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> Then it would be the ol familiar E=mv^2 which makes more sense to me anyway but there you go

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It is the exact same equation... the only difference is the symbol you have chosen to use to represent the constant speed of light. The symbol C was chosen over the symbol V to stress that the speed (of light) is a constant.

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> "all light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum but not all of the electromagnetic spectrum is light"

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It depends upon how you define light. If light is defined as the part of the spectrum that allowed humans to see, then you would be correct. It would be more accurate to call it "visible light", but ...

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> Electricity must have a speed

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Why? What is the speed of water being stored in a water tower?

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> electricity must have a speed because it is defined as a current

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Hmmm... current is defined as the flow of charge... sooo... how do you explain static electricity?

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But none of this discussion is science, its only semantics.

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Semantic is very important for progress because when used well it aids thought processes including understanding and comprehension and most of all i submit reconstruction and imagination .

And semantics is indeed a science, consider the following ..

World's first successful brain activity imaging of language cognition in new born infants using Optical Topography Neonate brain activity images exposed to A: forward speech, B: backward speech, C: no sound

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Vectors have velocity .

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No, velocity is a vector. There are other vectors that are not velocity.

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Good question , electricity must have a speed because it is defined as a current

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Yes electricity does have a speed, and that speed is much slower than the speed of light. (electrons have mass, thus cant go the speed of light). You have to be careful when discussing the speed of electricity. There is drift velocity which is the speed of the of the net electron flow. This is very slow, on the order of 10^-4 m/s. Then there is the individual speed of each electron, which is much faster (about 10^6 m/s).

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So what is the maximum possible speed of an electric current ??

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maximum possible speed of an electric current < c. As you keep applying an electric field on an electron, it will accelerate. The speed will increase forever, but never surpass 'c'.

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DieCommie said:

Light can only travel at c.

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In February 1999, a team of researchers from Harvard University led by Lene Vestergaard Hau used the BEC (Bose-Einstein condensate) to slow light—which normally travels at 186,000 miles per second—to just 38 miles per hour by shining a laser light through the condensate. In 2001, Hau's team announced that it had briefly brought a light beam to a complete stop.

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her group took its experiments a step further by getting light inside a Bose-Einstein Condensate to stop completely. While the light pulse was totally compressed and contained entirely within the condensate, the team abruptly turned off the coupling laser. This adjustment left the light trapped inside. When they turned the coupling laser back on, the original light pulse came out the other end. “We can park a light pulse in the cloud for a millisecond,” Hau said. “It might sound short to you, but it's really long - long enough for light at its normal speed to travel 300 kilometers - and there's no doubt that we can get the storage times up.”

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