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InvisibleveggieM

Registered: 07/25/04
Posts: 17,504
Psychedelic Healing?
    #7807705 - 12/28/07 03:22 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

Scientific American - December 2007 Issue

Psychedelic Healing?
Hallucinogenic drugs, which blew minds in the 1960s, soon may be used to treat mental ailments

Mind-altering psychedelics are back—but this time they are being explored in labs for their therapeutic applications rather than being used illegally. Studies are looking at these hallucinogens to treat a number of otherwise intractable psychiatric disorders, including chronic depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and drug or alcohol dependency.

The past 15 years have seen a quiet resurgence of psychedelic drug research as scientists have come to recognize the long-underappreciated potential of these drugs. In the past few years, a growing number of studies using human volunteers have begun to explore the possible therapeutic benefits of drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, DMT, MDMA, ibogaine and ketamine.

Much remains unclear about the precise neural mechanisms governing how these drugs produce their mind-bending results, but they often produce somewhat similar psychoactive effects that make them potential therapeutic tools. Though still in their preliminary stages, studies in humans suggest that the day when people can schedule a psychedelic session with their therapist to overcome a serious psychiatric problem may not be that far off.

The Trip Begins
Psychedelic drug research began in 1897, when German chemist Arthur Heffter first isolated mescaline, the primary psychoactive compound in the peyote cactus. In 1943 Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic effects of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel while studying ergot, a fungus that grows on rye. Fifteen years later, in 1958, he was the first to isolate psilocybin and psilocin—the psychoactive components of the Mexican “magic mushroom,” Psilocybe mexicana.

Before 1972, close to 700 studies with psychedelic drugs took place. The research suggested that psychedelics offered significant benefits: they helped recovering alcoholics abstain, soothed the anxieties of terminal cancer patients, and eased the symptoms of many difficult-to-treat psychiatric illnesses, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder.

For example, between 1967 and 1972 studies in terminal cancer patients by psychiatrist Stanislav Grof and his colleagues at Spring Grove State Hospital in Baltimore showed that LSD combined with psychotherapy could alleviate symptoms of depression, tension, anxiety, sleep disturbances, psychological withdrawal and even severe physical pain. Other investigators during this era found that LSD may have some interesting potential as a means to facilitate creative problem solving.

Between 1972 and 1990 there were no human studies with psychedelic drugs. Their disappearance was the result of a political backlash that followed the promotion of these drugs by the 1960s counterculture. This reaction not only made these substances illegal for personal use but also made it extremely difficult for researchers to get government approval to study them.

Things began to change in 1990, when “open-minded regulators at the FDA decided to put science before politics when it came to psychedelic and medical marijuana research,” says Rick Doblin, a public policy expert and head of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). “FDA openness to research is really the key factor. Also, senior researchers who were influenced by psychedelics in the sixties now are speaking up before they retire and have earned credibility.” Chemist and neuropharmacologist David E. Nichols of Purdue University adds, “Baby boomers who experienced the psychedelic sixties are now mature scientists and clinicians who have retained their curiosity but only recently had the opportunity to reexplore these substances.”

Research Begins Anew
The efforts of two privately funded organizations have catalyzed much of the recent wave of research: MAPS, founded in 1986 by Doblin, and the Heffter Research Institute, started in 1993. Outside the U.S. there are groups such as the Beckley Foundation in England and the Russian Psychedelic Society. These seek out interested researchers, assist in developing the experimental design for the studies, and help to obtain funding and government approval to conduct clinical trials. They have initiated numerous FDA-approved clinical trials in the U.S., Switzerland, Israel and Spain. So far the agency has approved seven studies, with two under review and more on the way.

Current studies are focusing on psychedelic treatments for cluster headaches, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), severe anxiety in terminal cancer patients, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcoholism and opiate addiction. New drugs must pass three clinical milestones before they can be marketed to the public, called phase I (for safety, usually in 20 to 80 volunteers), phase II (for efficacy, in several hundred subjects) and phase III (more extensive data on safety and efficacy come from testing the drug in up to several thousand people). All the studies discussed in this article have received government approval, and their investigators are either in the process of recruiting human subjects or have begun or completed research on human subjects in the first or second stage of this trial process.

Psychedelic drugs affect all mental functions: perception, emotion, cognition, body awareness and one’s sense of self. Unlike every other class of drugs, psychedelic drug effects depend heavily on the environment and on the expectations of the subject, which is why combining them with psychotherapy is so vital.

“Psychedelics may be therapeutic to the extent that they elicit processes that are known to be useful in a therapeutic context: transference reactions and working through them; enhanced symbolism and imagery; increased suggestibility; increased contact between emotions and ideations; controlled regression; et cetera,” says psychiatrist Rick Strassman of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine, who from 1990 to 1995 performed the first human study using psychedelic drugs in about 20 years, investigating the effects of DMT on 60 human subjects. “This all depends, though, on set and setting,” he cautions. “These same properties could also be turned to very negative experiences, if the support and expectation for a beneficial experience aren’t there.”

Mechanisms and Targets
Scientists divide classical psychedelic drugs into two basic chemical groups: tryptamines (such as LSD, DMT and psilocybin) and phen­ethylamines (such as mescaline and MDMA). In addition, some people consider so-called dissociative anesthetics (such as ketamine and PCP) to be psychedelic drugs, although the way they affect the brain is quite different.

The exact mechanisms differ, but all the tryptamine hallucinogens—which make up the majority of psychedelic drugs—selectively bind to specific serotonin receptors on neurons, mimicking the effects of the nerve-signaling chemical, or neurotransmitter, serotonin on these receptors. Phenethylamines mimic the chemical structure of another neurotransmitter, dopamine. They actually bind to many of the same serotonin receptors activated by the tryptamines, however. Serotonin is responsible for many important functions, including mood, memory, appetite, sex and sleep. It is such an essential neurochemical that any substance—such as a hallucinogen—that interferes with its action might be expected to produce dramatic changes in brain function.

How do the drugs create their perceptual effects? Neuroscientists believe that activation of a particular set of serotonin receptors, the 2A subtype, which are highly expressed (or present) in the cortex, the outermost layer of the brain, interferes with the processing of sensory information. Consciousness is thought to involve a complex interaction among the cortex, the thalamus and the striatum. Disruption of this network by activation of serotonin 2A receptors is now the most popular theory for the mechanism of action for tryptamine and phenethylamine psychedelics.

“There are at least two possible mechanisms for beneficial actions,” Nichols says. “The first simply involves a change in the numbers of brain serotonin 2A receptors. Activation of serotonin 2A receptors by psychedelics causes the number of receptors expressed on the surface of neurons to decrease, a process called downregulation. For some disorders, such as OCD, it may be this receptor downregulation that could be therapeutic,” he explains. “The other possible mechanism is a psychological effect that is harder to define but in some way produces changes in the way the subject perceives pain and distress. Psychedelics seem able to produce a profound cognitive change that provides the patient with a new insight—the ability to see the world from a new perspective—somehow reducing anxiety and raising the pain threshold.”

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) is also chemically classified as a phenethylamine, but its action in the brain is substantially different from that of other drugs discussed in this article. “In contrast to most psychedelics, MDMA does not directly stimulate serotonin 2A receptors but instead causes dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine [another neurotransmitter] to be released from their stores in neuron endings,” Nichols says. There is some controversy about whether MDMA has neurotoxic effects. Most researchers believe, however, that the occasional moderate use of MDMA at therapeutic doses would not be damaging. There have been no recent studies using mescaline, although MAPS plans to initiate some in the future.

In contrast to the traditional psychedelics, the dissociative anesthetics selectively bind to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, block­ing the neurotransmitter glutamate from activating these receptors. “Because glutamate is an essential neurotransmitter that activates neurons, this blocking effect seems to prevent the processing of sensory information by the brain,” Nichols states.

Ketamine appears to hold particular promise as a psychedelic therapy because it is already among the selections in Western medicine’s pharmacopoeia. In addition to being part of a different chemical class of drugs than the other psychedelics, ketamine is in a separate legal class as an FDA-approved schedule III drug. This designation means that any physician can administer it for an off-label use if he or she believes it will help the patient.

Although some research indicates that psychedelic drugs may enhance suggestibility and certain aspects of psychotherapy, the benefits of dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine and ibogaine may simply be the result of enduring biochemical changes in the brain. For example, in 2006 Carlos Zarate of the National Institute of Mental Health published a study demon­strating ketamine’s unusual antidepressant properties [see “Good News about Depression,” by Walter Brown; Scientific American Mind, June/July 2007]. A single infusion of ketamine relieved symptoms of depression in some patients within a few hours, and that relief persisted for several days.

This was the third study that showed ketamine’s powerful and enduring antidepressant effects. In an intriguing finding from one of the previous studies, subjects received the ketamine as an anesthetic for orthopedic surgery—so they were not even conscious during the mind-altering segment of the drug’s action in the brain—and the antidepressant effects occurred postoperatively.

In other work seeking to help cure addicts, a preliminary ketamine study, in which psy­chiatrist Evgeny Krupitsky of St. Petersburg, Russia, treated 59 patients with heroin dependency, produced encouraging results. And the Iboga Therapy House in Vancouver, Canada, has recently begun a study that has so far successfully treated three out of 20 opiate-addicted subjects with ibogaine. The experimental procedure substantially reduced the withdrawal symptoms associated with opiate addiction, helping the addicts to recover and break their dependency on the drug.

OCD, Cluster Headaches and Cancer
In addition to the promising work with ibogaine and the dissociative anesthetics, progress is also being made in the study of conventional psychedelics. In 2006 investigators at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine published the results of a six-year project on the effects of psilocybin, in which more than 60 percent of the participants reported positive changes in their attitude and behavior after taking the drug, a benefit that lasted for at least several months.

In another 2006 study, researchers at the University of Arizona, led by psychiatrist Francisco Moreno, found that psilocybin relieved the symptoms of nine patients with OCD. The patients suffered from a wide range of obsessions and compulsions. Some of them showered for hours; others put on their clothes over and over again until they felt right. All nine experienced improvements with at least some of the doses tested.

“What we saw was a drastic decrease in symp­toms for a period of time,” Moreno says. “People would report that it had been years since they had felt so good.” Moreno cautions that the goal was simply to test the safety of administering psilocybin to OCD patients and that the true effectiveness of the drug is still in question until a larger controlled study can be conducted. Such a study is being planned, although there are currently no funds available for it. According to Moreno, however, no treatment in the medical literature eases OCD symptoms as fast as psilocybin does. Whereas other drugs take several weeks to show an effect, psilocybin worked almost immediately.

Preliminary results of a current study led by psychiatrist Charles Grob of the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center suggest that psilocybin may reduce the psychological distress associated with terminal cancer. This research seeks to measure the effectiveness of psilocybin on the reduction of anxiety, depression and physical pain in advanced-stage cancer patients. Grob’s study is almost complete; 11 out of 12 subjects have already been treated. Although the formal data analysis has not been completed, “my impression,” Grob says, “from just staying in touch with these people and following them is that some do seem to be functioning better psychologically. There seems to be less anxiety, improved mood and an overall improved quality of life. There also seems to be less fear of death.”

The first studies of psychedelic drugs at Harvard University since 1965 are also now under way. In one study, psychiatrist John Halpern and his colleagues are looking into using LSD and psilocybin to treat the debilitating symptoms of cluster headaches. The researchers, who are in the process of recruiting subjects, will probably begin trials in early 2008.

Acute Anxiety and PTSD
Another study at Harvard, also led by Halpern, will look into MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with anxiety associated with advanced-stage cancer—similar to Grob’s psilocybin study—using measures to evaluate anxiety, pain and overall quality of life. This study is also in the process of recruiting human subjects.

Psychiatrist Michael Mithoefer in Charleston, S.C., is running an MDMA study for treatment-resistant PTSD victims of crime, war or childhood sexual abuse. So far 17 out of 20 such subjects have already undergone the experimental therapy. “At this point the results are very promising,” Mithoefer says. “I think we’re seeing pretty strong, robust effects in some people. I hasten to add these are preliminary findings—we’re not ready to draw conclusions yet. But assuming it keeps going this way for the rest of the study, it certainly seems that there’s very good reason to go on to larger phase III trials.”

Although we are still in the early days of psychedelic therapy research, the initial data show considerable promise. A growing number of scientists believe that psychedelic drugs may offer safe and effective help for people with certain treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders and could possibly help some people who receive partial relief from current methods to obtain a more complete healing.

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Offlinefantastical
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Registered: 11/18/07
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: veggie]
    #7807792 - 12/28/07 03:47 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

I love articles like this.
Inspires hope in me that some day we will be free to use drugs haha!
But really I was being serious.

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Offlinedill705
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: fantastical]
    #7808444 - 12/28/07 08:02 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

This is the kind of article that excites a first year psychology student


--------------------
My advice is to find those things that give pleasure and do them often without too much attachment and relax and wait for the show to end.

-Icelander-

I like free markets and all. Truly I do, at least in general, but there needs to be some kind of oversight in recognition of sustainability. Life works the same way, on a bunch of sustainable systems. Why not honor what made us what we are and take some lessons? Nature FTW!

~dill705~

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InvisibleCracka_X
Spiritual Dirt Worshipper
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Folding@home Statistics
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: veggie]
    #7808808 - 12/28/07 10:05 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

awesome


--------------------
The best way to live
is to be like water
For water benefits all things
and goes against none of them
It provides for all people
and even cleanses those places
a man is loath to go
In this way it is just like Tao        ~Daodejing

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Offlineorigami.octopus
Mycoporn fanaticin training


Registered: 11/17/07
Posts: 256
Last seen: 15 years, 11 months
Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: Cracka_X]
    #7809035 - 12/28/07 10:59 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

its about fucking time.

i mean its not like loads of shaman and mystical healers have been doing this as  for thousands of years or anything.
:rolleyes:

anyway i dont mean to lash out. Its a great thing the healing potential of entheogens/psychedelics are being recognized by the mainstream. Although this is a sensitive topic, and i worry that if its rushed into, the field will fail.


--------------------
I like to look at mushrooms the way most people like to look at flowers.

this is an amazing game
http://www.kongregate.com/games/customlogic/sprout

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Invisiblejohnm214
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: origami.octopus]
    #7809176 - 12/28/07 11:28 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

"Mind-altering psychedelics are back—but this time they are being explored in labs for their therapeutic applications rather than being used illegally."

wtf?

I thought that's what they've been used for centuries, and what a signifigant amount of the energy of the early psychadelic movement was directed towards? How is this new "this time"?

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Offlinejimbohsp
Stranger
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: johnm214]
    #7809964 - 12/29/07 08:46 AM (16 years, 3 months ago)

This is good shiat. I love seeing this stuff come more into the mainstream. The other day I picked up a book from borders, "Mushroom Wisdom: How Shamans Cultivate Spiritual Consciousness." Great from what I read so far. He talks about healing with mushrooms and whatnot.

It's an awesome thing that we're going to start getting psychedelics to victims of PTSD. I have friends in the marines, who have been to Iraq that deserve all the mind expanding drugs they want for what they've been through in that hell hole. Of course it was their choice to go but still, they need to see some peace and love in the future too. :mushroom2:

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OfflineSubstance D
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: jimbohsp]
    #7810139 - 12/29/07 10:04 AM (16 years, 3 months ago)

yeah i suffer from bi polar disorder an racing thoughts ,they had me on so many different drugs from serquel to lithium ,paxil, syprexa which made my hair start to fall out,now i just stick with a daily dose of weed an a monthly does of shrooms an im happy as hell this way,no serious side effects like the shit they had me on


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You can turn your back on a person, but, never turn your back on a drug. Especially when it's waving a razor-sharp hunting knife in your eye.

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Invisibleelbisivni

Registered: 10/01/06
Posts: 2,839
Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: veggie]
    #7810266 - 12/29/07 11:20 AM (16 years, 3 months ago)

good article :thumbup:


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From dust you are made and to dust you shall return.

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OfflineDivided_Sky
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Registered: 11/02/03
Posts: 3,171
Loc: The Shining Void
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: dill705]
    #7810513 - 12/29/07 12:59 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

Quote:

dill705 said:
This is the kind of article that excites a first year psychology student




It sure does!


--------------------
1. "After an hour I wasn't feeling anything so I decided to take another..."
2. "We were feeling pretty good so we decided to smoke a few bowls..."
3. "I had to be real quiet because my parents were asleep upstairs..."

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Offlineandrewss
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Registered: 08/17/07
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: Divided_Sky]
    #7810638 - 12/29/07 02:05 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

interesting article :smile:


--------------------
Jesus loves you.

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OfflineDivided_Sky
Ten ThousandThings

Registered: 11/02/03
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Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: johnm214]
    #7810729 - 12/29/07 02:46 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

Quote:

johnm214 said:
"Mind-altering psychedelics are back—but this time they are being explored in labs for their therapeutic applications rather than being used illegally."

wtf?

I thought that's what they've been used for centuries, and what a signifigant amount of the energy of the early psychadelic movement was directed towards? How is this new "this time"?




Because it is recognized as legitimate by the medical community and even the government to some extent and they have better studies and more solid data than in 60s.


--------------------
1. "After an hour I wasn't feeling anything so I decided to take another..."
2. "We were feeling pretty good so we decided to smoke a few bowls..."
3. "I had to be real quiet because my parents were asleep upstairs..."

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Invisiblejohnm214
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Loc: Americas
Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: Divided_Sky]
    #7810816 - 12/29/07 03:25 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

Its not recognized as legitimate, there are simply permits being issued. Back in the 60's you didn't need the federal gov't's permission to run a study w/ any drug, to my knowledge- and we certainly didn't have this DEA/FDA bullshit where you need all sorts of permits to study a drug thats been in circulation for thousands of years.

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Offlineorigami.octopus
Mycoporn fanaticin training


Registered: 11/17/07
Posts: 256
Last seen: 15 years, 11 months
Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: jimbohsp]
    #7811640 - 12/29/07 08:22 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

Quote:

jimbohsp said:
This is good shiat. I love seeing this stuff come more into the mainstream. The other day I picked up a book from borders, "Mushroom Wisdom: How Shamans Cultivate Spiritual Consciousness." Great from what I read so far. He talks about healing with mushrooms and whatnot.

It's an awesome thing that we're going to start getting psychedelics to victims of PTSD. I have friends in the marines, who have been to Iraq that deserve all the mind expanding drugs they want for what they've been through in that hell hole. Of course it was their choice to go but still, they need to see some peace and love in the future too. :mushroom2:





Mushroom wisdom is a great book! Learn well...


--------------------
I like to look at mushrooms the way most people like to look at flowers.

this is an amazing game
http://www.kongregate.com/games/customlogic/sprout

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OfflineDivided_Sky
Ten ThousandThings

Registered: 11/02/03
Posts: 3,171
Loc: The Shining Void
Last seen: 15 years, 9 months
Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: johnm214]
    #7812401 - 12/30/07 01:02 AM (16 years, 3 months ago)

Quote:

johnm214 said:
Its not recognized as legitimate, there are simply permits being issued. Back in the 60's you didn't need the federal gov't's permission to run a study w/ any drug, to my knowledge- and we certainly didn't have this DEA/FDA bullshit where you need all sorts of permits to study a drug thats been in circulation for thousands of years.




It's legitimate enough that they aren't going to jail for it and people are writing artciles about it like the 8 page one in the Washington Post magazine about MDMA PTSD therapy. They are almost finished with Phase II trails and if Phase III is cleared MDMA will be available for therapy with prescription. Psilocybin and Ibogaine may follow as well.

They are following the 'legitimate' route to integrating psychedelics into into psychiatry and the culture at large, through science and the institutions. If they can prove these treatments are safe and work better than anything else with strong evidence then will become available.

This tremendously important stuff. If you think psychedelics have real medical and even religous uses, and that we should be able to use them without fear of jail then your future rests on the hard work of these people.


--------------------
1. "After an hour I wasn't feeling anything so I decided to take another..."
2. "We were feeling pretty good so we decided to smoke a few bowls..."
3. "I had to be real quiet because my parents were asleep upstairs..."

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Invisiblebadchad
Mad Scientist

Registered: 03/02/05
Posts: 13,377
Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: johnm214]
    #7812894 - 12/30/07 09:23 AM (16 years, 3 months ago)

Quote:

johnm214 said:
Back in the 60's you didn't need the federal gov't's permission to run a study w/ any drug, to my knowledge- and we certainly didn't have this DEA/FDA bullshit where you need all sorts of permits to study a drug thats been in circulation for thousands of years.




To be fair though, this is the case with ANY drug and is not unique to hallucinogens.


--------------------
...the whole experience is (and is as) a profound piece of knowledge.  It is an indellible experience; it is forever known.  I have known myself in a way I doubt I would have ever occurred except as it did.

Smith, P.  Bull. Menninger Clinic (1959) 23:20-27; p. 27.

...most subjects find the experience valuable, some find it frightening, and many say that is it uniquely lovely.

Osmond, H.  Annals, NY Acad Science (1957) 66:418-434; p.436

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OfflineSubstance D
Smurfed Up
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Registered: 11/25/07
Posts: 239
Loc: Inside my Head
Last seen: 15 years, 8 months
Re: Psychedelic Healing? [Re: badchad]
    #7814391 - 12/30/07 04:53 PM (16 years, 3 months ago)

how do i get to be a test monkey


--------------------
You can turn your back on a person, but, never turn your back on a drug. Especially when it's waving a razor-sharp hunting knife in your eye.

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