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Evidence regarding Sally-D
    #6645181 -

Has anyone got any scientifically based evidence to counter claims about salvia divinorum.. for example how it effects the brain etc.

Statistical evidence would be brilliant.

I want to write a short factual document regarding the subject, with reliable sources, and then spam it to every last news outlet I can find on this planet.

This demonisation of drugs is starting to fucking piss me off.


--------------------
"I only ever hope to reach equilibrium, in Nature's matrix, in line with the meridian" ~ Jehst

:sun: "...and I know that I have to keep breathing, as tomorrow the sun will rise, who knows what the tide will bring?" :sun:

Free Spore Ring Europe
Send any spare spore prints you might have and help the distribution :grin:

Open Source. Freedom.  GNU/Linux

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: Cepheus]
    #6645185 -

There is a good one, by Daniel Siebert, mentioning treatment of arthritis, etc.  I'll start digging for you :smile:

Here it is, still looking for the original link.

RE: Bill H.R. 5607

Dear Honorable Member of Congress:

This letter summarizes the important medicinal properties of Salvia divinorum and its primary active constituent salvinorin A. It also puts forth several objections to bill H.R. 5607, which inappropriately seeks to place this medicinal herb in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.

As a pharmacognosist who has devoted the last ten years to the scientific study of this herb, I believe that I am particularly qualified to speak on this issue. I was the first person to investigate the human pharmacology of salvinorin A and to clearly identify this compound as the psychoactive principle of Salvia divinorum (Siebert, 1994). Most recently, I coauthored a paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), in which my research group reported our findings regarding the neurological mechanism of salvinorin A’s action. These findings are of particular significance because they provide solid evidence for the medicinal value of this compound. I am currently working in collaboration with several other scientists on various avenues of scientific investigation into the pharmacology of salvinorin A and closely related compounds. My collaborators include Dr. Bryan Roth (Project Director of the National Institute for Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program) and Dr. Michael J. Iadarola (Chief of the Neuronal Gene Expression Unit at the Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch of the National Institute for Health). In addition to my scientific endeavors, I am presently completing work on a comprehensive book about Salvia divinorum.
Medical properties

There are approximately one thousand species of Salvia worldwide. Salvia divinorum is just one of the many species that are recognized for their useful medicinal properties. The common name for all salvias is sage. Most people are familiar with the common culinary sage, Salvia officinalis, which in addition to its usefulness as a flavoring agent, is also used for its medicinal properties. The genus name Salvia is derived from the Latin salvare, meaning “to heal” or “to save.” The words salvation and savior also come from this same root.

Salvia divinorum is endemic to the Mazatec Sierra of central Mexico, where it has a long history of medicinal use. It is used both for its psychoactive properties and as an effective treatment for arthritis, headache, and eliminatory complaints. The validity of each of these different applications is well supported by my research group’s recent pharmacological findings.

To summarize our recent findings: Salvinorin A is a uniquely potent and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, and as such, it has tremendous potential for the development of a wide variety of valuable medications. The most promising of these include safe non-addictive analgesics, antidepressants, short-acting anesthetics that do not depress respiration, and drugs to treat disorders characterized by alterations in perception, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and bipolar disorder (Roth et al., 2002).

Kappa-opioid receptor agonists are of particular interest to pharmacologists because they provide effective pain medications that are not habit forming and do not produce dependence. In fact, there is a growing body of evidence that indicates that kappa-opioid receptor agonists are actually “aversive”—the opposite of addictive. This is an important advantage over most powerful analgesics currently prescribed. My colleagues and I will soon be publishing a paper that reports the results of animal studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of salvinorin A as an analgesic (Chavkin et al., in press). In my book I describe many case reports in which people testify to the effectiveness of this herb for managing pain. The traditional Mazatec use of Salvia divinorum to treat headaches and arthritis also attests to its efficacy as an analgesic.

The ability of salvinorin A to block perception of pain also suggests that it may prove quite useful as a short-acting general anesthetic. The fact that it does not depress respiration is particularly interesting, because it indicates that salvinorin A could be much safer than most general anesthetics currently in use.

Recently Dr. Karl Hanes published a case report in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, in which he describes a patient that obtained relief from chronic depression by using Salvia divinorum (Hanes, 2001). In my book I describe several additional accounts of people who have recovered from serious depression with the help of this herb. It is especially interesting that these people were able to obtain persistent relief from their depression after only a few treatments. Quite unlike the continuous medication regime required with conventional antidepressants such as Prozac—which in most cases only offer symptomatic relief from depression—Salvia divinorum often produces long-lasting clinical improvement.

Because salvinorin A alters various perceptual modalities by acting on kappa-opioid receptors, it is clear that these receptors play a prominent role in the modulation of human perception. This suggests the possibility that novel psychotherapeutic compounds derived from salvinorin A could be useful for treating diseases manifested by perceptual distortions (e.g. schizophrenia, dementia, and bipolar disorders). This is a promising area of research that is important to pursue further.

Salvia divinorum has several properties that make it useful in psychotherapy: it produces a state of profound self-reflection, it improves one’s ability to retrieve childhood memories, and it provides access to areas of the psyche that are ordinarily difficult to reach. I have spoken with several psychotherapists who have used this herb in their practice. They are impressed with its effectiveness as a psychotherapeutic tool. This type of application is not new—the Mazatecs have long used Salvia divinorum to treat psychological complaints.

Salvinorin A is also an important neurochemical probe for studying the dynorphin/kappa-opioid-receptor system. As such, it is useful for research into the neurological mechanisms of perception and awareness. Salvinorin A is remarkable in that it belongs to an entirely different chemical class than any previously identified opioid receptor ligand (it is a diterpenoid). This fact is of great interest to pharmacologists because it opens up a vast new area for future drug development.
No significant abuse potential

There are many popular misconceptions about Salvia divinorum. Presumably, bill H.R. 5607 is based on some these. Many of these misconceptions have their origin in a few sensationalistic articles that have appeared in the popular press, and others derive from the absurd advertising claims of unethical herb vendors who deliberately exaggerate the effects of Salvia divinorum in an effort to increase sales.

The fact is that the effects of Salvia divinorum are not appealing to recreational drug users. The majority of people who try it find that they do not enjoy its effects and do not continue using it. People who use it medicinally take it infrequently. It is not euphoric or stimulating. It is not a social drug. Since it increases self-awareness, it is useless as an escapist drug. It is most useful as a medicinal herb.

Salvia divinorum is not addictive or habit forming. Its mechanism of action indicates that it may actually be anti-addictive. Many people have reported that Salvia divinorum actually helped them to overcome substance abuse problems.
Safety

Salvia divinorum is non-toxic. Toxicological studies have been performed by Dr. Leander Valdés at the University of Michigan, Jeremy Stewart at the University of Mississippi, Dr. Frank Jaksch of Chromadex Inc., and Wayne Briner of the University of Kansas. Neither Salvia divinorum nor salvinorin A showed toxicity in any of these studies. There is a vast body of empirical evidence that indicates Salvia divinorum is a remarkably safe herb. Indeed, the Mazatecs, who have probably used S. divinorum for hundreds of years, do not attribute any toxic properties to this plant.
Conclusions

Salvia divinorum is a relatively obscure medicinal herb with no significant abuse potential. It does not present a risk to public health or safety. Criminalizing it would only serve to create a problem where one did not previously exist. The regulation of herbal medicines such as this is a matter that should be handled by the FDA, not the Controlled Substances Act.

There is no reasonable justification for making Salvia divinorum a controlled substance. Placing it in schedule I would deprive people of a safe and useful medicinal herb, and it would seriously hamper promising medical research. Because of its complex stereochemistry, salvinorin A is virtually impossible to produce synthetically. It is important that its source plant, Salvia divinorum, remain available so that researchers can continue to study this important compound.

Evidently, this bill is based on inaccurate information about Salvia divinorum. Schedule I is intended for substances that have a high potential for abuse, a lack of accepted safety, and no currently accepted medical use. Salvia divinorum does not meet any of these criteria.

Sincerely,

Daniel J. Siebert
References:

Siebert, Daniel J. Divine Sage. Work in progress.

Chavkin, Charles, Sumit Sud, Wenzhen Jin, Jeremy Stuart, Daniel J. Siebert, Sean Renock, Karen Baner,Nicole M. White, John Pintar and Bryan L. Roth.. Paper in progress.

Roth, Bryan L., Karen Baner, Richard Westkaemper, Daniel Siebert, Kenner C. Rice, SeAnna Steinberg, Paul Ernsberger, and Richard Rothman. 2002. Salvinorin A: A Potent, Naturally Occurring, Non-Nitrogenous ?-Opioid Selective Agonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). Vol. 99, Issue 18, 11934-11939.

Hanes, K. R. 2001. Antidepressant Effects of the Herb Salvia divinorum: A Case Report. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 21(6):634-635.

Gruber, John W., Daniel J. Siebert, Ara H. Der Marderosian, and Rick S. Hock. 1999. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantification of Salvinorin A from Tissues of Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva-M. Phytochemical Analysis. 10(1):22-25.

Siebert, Daniel J. 1994. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43: 53-56.


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"Blow up your TV, throw away your paper.  Go to the country, build you a home."

- John Prine

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: schmutzen]
    #6645222 -

http://www.sagewisdom.org/

Scroll down about half-way, for a link to the above paper. It's also important to note the suicide involving a salvia smoker was more likely caused by his acne medication than the salvia.

Kudos to you Amaneater! Take a stand.


--------------------


"Blow up your TV, throw away your paper.  Go to the country, build you a home."

- John Prine

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: schmutzen]
    #6645461 -

Thank you very much. :grin:

Theres such blatent anti-drug propaganda surrounding this ancient herb its fucking intolerable. I'm going to put a lot of time into this project & any help will be greatly appreciated. Lets stick it to the man :grin:

Quote:
The active constituent is a trans-neoclerodane diterpenoid known as Salvinorin A, chemical formula C23H28O8.[15] Unlike other known opioid-receptor ligands, salvinorin A is not an alkaloid — it does not contain a basic nitrogen atom.




LSD like eh?


--------------------
"I only ever hope to reach equilibrium, in Nature's matrix, in line with the meridian" ~ Jehst

:sun: "...and I know that I have to keep breathing, as tomorrow the sun will rise, who knows what the tide will bring?" :sun:

Free Spore Ring Europe
Send any spare spore prints you might have and help the distribution :grin:

Open Source. Freedom.  GNU/Linux

Addicting is not a word.

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: Cepheus]
    #6645499 -

Unfortunately, there isn't a lot of scientifically sound evidence available on Salvia. There simply haven't been any rigourous human studies performed on it.

The place for scientifically sound, peer-reviewed information is pubmed. However, the papers there are not written for the lay person. I would stick to paraphrasing the above report.


--------------------
...the whole experience is (and is as) a profound piece of knowledge.  It is an indellible experience; it is forever known.  I have known myself in a way I doubt I would have ever occurred except as it did.

Smith, P.  Bull. Menninger Clinic (1959) 23:20-27; p. 27.

...most subjects find the experience valuable, some find it frightening, and many say that is it uniquely lovely.

Osmond, H.  Annals, NY Acad Science (1957) 66:418-434; p.436

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: badchad]
    #6645544 -

.. I don't intend on it being for the average lay-person.

What good would that be? It would be brushed off as another persons testimony to the positive effects of Salvia divinorum.

If I can back up my claims with actual scientific evidence, to disprove their [media] slander then I stand a much better chance.

Obviously I will explain things to the lay person, but I would rather not simplify too much as it would be discarded as factless bullshit, also a report with facts, figures and scientific data packs a harder punch, in my experience.

An intellectual outcry appeals to the people that actually can make a difference - the scientists. The media are very biased, and without hard evidence, they will never promote/agree with a drug.


--------------------
"I only ever hope to reach equilibrium, in Nature's matrix, in line with the meridian" ~ Jehst

:sun: "...and I know that I have to keep breathing, as tomorrow the sun will rise, who knows what the tide will bring?" :sun:

Free Spore Ring Europe
Send any spare spore prints you might have and help the distribution :grin:

Open Source. Freedom.  GNU/Linux

Addicting is not a word.

Extras: Filter Print Post Top
Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: Cepheus]
    #6645580 -

The scientists (that are interested) already know about the effects of Saliva.

This is because one of the first things you learn when you begin an advanced degree in the sciences is:

"How to search pubmed to locate peer-reviewed scientific articles".


--------------------
...the whole experience is (and is as) a profound piece of knowledge.  It is an indellible experience; it is forever known.  I have known myself in a way I doubt I would have ever occurred except as it did.

Smith, P.  Bull. Menninger Clinic (1959) 23:20-27; p. 27.

...most subjects find the experience valuable, some find it frightening, and many say that is it uniquely lovely.

Osmond, H.  Annals, NY Acad Science (1957) 66:418-434; p.436

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: badchad]
    #6645589 -

Thank you :smile:

I will write this with a pseudo-intellectual touch. Digested facts if you will. The thing is, I want to keep this as informative as possible, without dumbing it down too much, because else it won't catch peoples eye, and they won't think it a worthwhile read...


--------------------
"I only ever hope to reach equilibrium, in Nature's matrix, in line with the meridian" ~ Jehst

:sun: "...and I know that I have to keep breathing, as tomorrow the sun will rise, who knows what the tide will bring?" :sun:

Free Spore Ring Europe
Send any spare spore prints you might have and help the distribution :grin:

Open Source. Freedom.  GNU/Linux

Addicting is not a word.

Extras: Filter Print Post Top
Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: Cepheus]
    #6645603 -

They will try to outlaw anything that aids in consciousness expansion.


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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: Cepheus]
    #6645638 -

Okay, here you go: there are only 49 articles that have been peer-reviewed and arise with the keyword: "Salvia Divinorum". Changing this keyword to Salvinorin-A yields 57 results.

When limiting our search to "human clinical trials" only 1 publication comes up, which is the Siebert paper mentioned above. I suggest you actually read this, and if you do, you will see that this is a rather poor quality paper. In sum: there are no available human reports.

I won't do the research for you, but cite Roth and Prisizano for the binding studies. These are two respected authors in the field, and have characterized where Salvinorin A binds. You will find that it binds with high affinity to kappa opioid receptors. Cite Butelman and his drug discrimination work to support a subjective profile similar to this.

The best evidence for toxic effects is the Mowry paper. They used extensive dosing in mice for differing amounts of time and no toxic effects were found.

If you'd like to get extra fancy, take a look at the self-administration work by Zhang, and the conditioned place preferences work by Carleson. Complementing both of these works are the microdialysis studies by Carlezon with respect to dopamine release. You can sum up everything stated about abuse potential with these.

All of these references are contained somewhere in the Salvinorin A keyword search. The beauty of research is you will get to read them all and make your own conclusions.

Good luck, I'd be interested in your final draft.


--------------------
...the whole experience is (and is as) a profound piece of knowledge.  It is an indellible experience; it is forever known.  I have known myself in a way I doubt I would have ever occurred except as it did.

Smith, P.  Bull. Menninger Clinic (1959) 23:20-27; p. 27.

...most subjects find the experience valuable, some find it frightening, and many say that is it uniquely lovely.

Osmond, H.  Annals, NY Acad Science (1957) 66:418-434; p.436

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: badchad]
    #6645720 -

Thanks for the help badchad. We really do need something short, accurate and unbiased to counter the media's Sally Madness campaign.


--------------------


"Blow up your TV, throw away your paper.  Go to the country, build you a home."

- John Prine

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Re: Evidence regarding Sally-D [Re: badchad]
    #6645786 -

man the more I read into this the more the blatent slander infuriates me.

I'm having trouble keeping this document .. layman friendly. But I guess I can fix that later.. In order to dismiss addictive potential etc I need to explain how it works.

The wikipedia articles surrounding salvia are suprisingly informative. :grin:


--------------------
"I only ever hope to reach equilibrium, in Nature's matrix, in line with the meridian" ~ Jehst

:sun: "...and I know that I have to keep breathing, as tomorrow the sun will rise, who knows what the tide will bring?" :sun:

Free Spore Ring Europe
Send any spare spore prints you might have and help the distribution :grin:

Open Source. Freedom.  GNU/Linux

Addicting is not a word.

Extras: Filter Print Post Top
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