Revival
of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal basidiomycete cultures after 20 years
in cold storage in sterile water.
Subject:
Water, Distilled (Properties)
Fungi
(Storage)
Cold
storage (Methods)
Cultures
(Biology) (Management)
Author:
Richter, Dana L.
Pub
Date: 08/01/2008
Publication: Name:
Canadian Journal of Microbiology Publisher: NRC Research Press
Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Biological
sciences Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2008 NRC Research Press ISSN: 0008-4166
Issue: Date:
August, 2008 Source Volume: 54 Source Issue: 8
Topic: Event
Code: 200 Management dynamics Computer Subject: Company business
management
Product: Product
Code: 3841333 Culture-Based Tests NAICS Code: 339112 Surgical and
Medical Instrument Manufacturing SIC Code: 3841 Surgical and medical
instruments
Geographic: Geographic
Scope: United States Geographic Code: 1USA United States
Abstract:
Vegetatively colonized agar cores of 69 basidiomycete fungus isolates
(48 species in 30 genera and 17 families) were stored at 5 [degrees]C
in tubes of sterile distilled water without manipulation for 20
years. These were represented by 34 isolates of saprotrophic fungi
(29 species in 19 genera) and 35 isolates of mycorrhizal fungi (19
species in 11 genera). Viability was evaluated based on revived
growth on agar media at room temperature. Fifty-seven of the 69
isolates (82.6%) grew vigorously when revived after storage for 20
years; of the 34 saprotrophic fungus isolates, 30 revived (88.2%); of
the 35 mycorrhizal fungus isolates, 27 revived (77.1%). Thirteen
isolates of Laccaria were all viable after 20 years, indicating cold
storage in sterile water to be a good method for maintaining this
important genus of mycorrhizal fungi. In general, however,
mycorrhizal fungus species demonstrated lower viability than
saprotrophic fungi.
Key
words: culture maintenance, culture viability, fungal preservation,
long-term storage, mycorrhizal fungi, saprotrophic fungi, vegetative
cultures.
Resume
: Des echantillons d'agar colonises de facon vegetative comprenant 69
isolats de champignons basidiomycetes (48 especes divisees en 30
genres et 17 familles) ont ete entreposes a 5[degrees]C dans des
tubes d'eau sterile distillee sans manipulation pendant 20 ans.
Ceux-ci etaient representes par 34 isolats de champignons
saprotrophes (29 especes divisees en 19 genres) et 35 isolats de
mycorrhizes (19 especes divisees en 11 genres). La viabilite a ete
evaluee par une reprise de la croissance sur agar a la temperature de
la piece. Cinquante-sept des 69 isolats (82.6 %) poussaient
vigoureusement lorsque ravives apres un entreposage de 20 ans; des 34
isolats de champignons saprotrophes, 30 ont ete ravives (88.2 %); des
35 isolats de mycorrhizes, 27 ont ete ravives (77.1 %). Les 13
isolats de Laccaria etaient tous vivants apres 20 ans, indiquant que
l'entreposage au froid dans l'eau sterile est une bonne methode de
conservation de ce genre important de mycorrhizes. En general,
cependant, les especes de mycorrhizes demontraient une plus faible
viabilite que les champignons saprotrophes.
Mots-cles
: maintien des cultures, viabilite des cultures, preservation des
champignons, entreposage a long-terme, mycorrhizes, champignons
saprotrophes, cultures vegetatives.
[Traduit
par la Redaction]
Introduction
Long-term
storage of fungus cultures to ensure isolate stability is an
important part of any mycology research laboratory. Interest in
preserving microbial genomic diversity has also led to interest in
maintaining cultures of fungi (Smith et al. 1994). However,
maintaining genetic stability can be problematic. For example,
characteristics of fungi such as pathogenicity, virulence, and growth
rate are known to change over time when mycelium is continually
sub-cultured on agar (Marx et al. 1984; Hung and Molina 1986; Richter
et al. 2004). Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of
maintaining fungus cultures over long periods of time for research
are thoroughly discussed by Smith and Onions (1983). A simple method
of maintaining fungus cultures that has been successful in several
laboratories in recent years is storage under sterile water in normal
refrigeration (Marx and Daniel 1976; Ellis 1979; Richter and Bruhn
1989; Johnson and Martin 1992; Burdsall and Dorworth 1994; Smith et
al. 1994).
Richter
and Bruhn (1989) stored 135 basidiomycete fungus isolates,
represented by 83 species in 38 genera, in sterile cold water (5
[degrees]C); of those that were revived after 8-48 months, 35 out of
a total of 37 isolates of saprotrophic fungi were viable (95%), while
only 53 out of a total of 98 isolates of mycorrhizal fungi were
viable (54%). The original sterile water tubes containing cores of
the isolates that were revived and viable were placed back in cold
storage and left unmanipulated for 20 years. Of the original 135
isolates (Richter and Bruhn 1989), 88 isolates remained. However, due
to difficulties inherent in storage conditions over such an extended
period, several tubes dried or became contaminated. Thus, for this
study, 69 isolates (34 saprotrophic fungi, 35 mycorrhizal fungi) were
taken out of storage and attempts made to revive them after 20 years
of storage in sterile cold water.
Materials
and methods
Fungus
isolates were originally obtained from basidiome tissue. Saprotrophic
fungi were isolated on potato dextrose agar (Difco) or 2% malt
extract agar (Difco), while mycorrhizal fungi were isolated on
Modified Melin Norkrans agar (Marx 1969). Isolates were placed into
sterile cold water storage 3-10 months after the time of isolation
following the methods of Marx and Daniel (1976) (see Richter and
Bruhn 1989). In this process, a sterile cork borer (8 mm diameter)
was used to cut colonized agar cores from the margin of actively
growing cultures in Petri dishes; agar was approximately 5 mm thick.
Eight to 12 cores of each fungus were placed in 20 mL of sterile
distilled water in a 20 mm x 150 mm glass culture tube; screw tops
were placed on tightly and sealed with several wraps of Parafilm to
minimize the chance of contamination or evaporation.
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For
revival, 3 cores of each isolate were taken out of the sterile water
tube and placed mycelium-side down on the surface of fresh agar media
in Petri plates containing the medium on which they were originally
grown and stored. Plates were incubated at room temperature and
monitored weekly for up to 6 weeks for evidence of growth. Growth was
compared with an actively growing culture of the fungus species
freshly transferred from an agar slant. After examination, isolates
were rated either viable or nonviable based on resumed growth or lack
of growth, respectively.
Results
and discussion
Results
are shown in Table 1. For comparison, isolates are grouped in
families as in the earlier paper that reported these isolates
(Richter and Bruhn 1989). However, family affiliations have changed
for some of the fungi and the modern classification is used here
(Kirk et al. 2001).
The
69 fungus isolates for which revival was attempted were represented
by 48 species, in 30 genera, in 17 families; 34 of these isolates
were saprotrophic fungi (29 species, in 19 genera), and 35 isolates
were mycorrhizal fungi (19 species, in 11 genera).
Of
the 69 isolates, 57 (82.6%) grew vigorously when revived after 20
years of storage in sterile cold water; 30 of the 34 saprotrophic
fungus isolates revived (88.2%), and 27 of the 35 mycorrhizal fungus
isolates revived (77.1%).
For
the viable isolates, all 3 of the cores that were retrieved from
sterile water for each fungus grew new mycelium, except for 2
isolates of Laccaria laccata, in which case only one of the cores was
viable for each (Table 1).
Remarkably,
all 13 isolates of the mycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor and Laccaria
laccata isolates survived after 20 years. However, only 4 of the 7
mycorrhizal Suillus species isolates survived. A large group of
principally saprotrophic fungi, the Tricholomataceae, were generally
viable, with 14 of 17 isolates reviving. Within this family, only one
of 3 isolates of the genus Tricholoma (mycorrhizal) was not viable.
Good viability was also exhibited in the saprotrophic Marasmiaceae
(all 5 isolates viable) and the Pleurotaceae (all 3 isolates viable).
Of
the 6 isolates of gasteromycetes, only one was not viable, this being
the mycorrhizal species Scleroderma citrinum. This is not unexpected,
since in the previous study (Richter and Bruhn 1989), 22 isolates in
the genus Scleroderma exhibited very low survivability even after
just 1 year of storage in sterile cold water.
The
fungi in this study were essentially a select group of isolates in
that these were isolates that had been stored, revived, and survived
up to 4 years in cold water storage from the previous study
(generally 2 years storage for most isolates) (Richter and Bruhn
1989). When the percentage of survival is calculated based on the
original number of isolates (135) stored (minus 19 isolates not
attempted in 2006 due to dryness and (or) contamination), this
results in an overall survival rate after 20 years of 49.1% for all
fungi. However, this percentage is lowered by the high number of
mycorrhizal fungi in the original set. For the saprotrophic fungi
alone, the survival rate from the original isolates after 20 years
storage was 93.8%. In contrast, for the mycorrhizal fungi the
survival rate after 20 years was only 32.1%. However, the percentage
of survival for the mycorrhizal fungi is skewed downward due to the
high number (22) of isolates of Scleroderma, which had a very low
survival rate even after just 12 months of storage (Richter and Bruhn
1989). If isolates of Scleroderma are removed from the data set, the
percentage of survival of mycorrhizal fungi after 20 years in sterile
cold water becomes 43.5%.
Table
2 compares survival by genus after 2-4 years (Richter and Bruhn 1989)
and 20 years of storage (this study), for those genera where 2 or
more isolates were originally stored in sterile cold water. Genera of
both mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi vary in their survivability
after long-term storage in sterile cold water. For example, as
mentioned above, the mycorrhizal genus Laccaria appears extremely
well-suited for sterile cold-water storage. In contrast, the
mycorrhizal genera Boletus, Lactarius, Paxillus, Scleroderma, and
Thelephora are unsuited for this type of culture storage. Other
mycorrhizal genera are intermediate in their survival success after
long-term storage. In general, most isolates in genera of
saprotrophic fungi survived after 20 years of storage in sterile cold
water, with the exception of Clitocybe, of which 3 of 8 isolates
failed to revive.
Burdsall
and Dorworth (1994) also demonstrated a high rate of survivability
(94%) of saprotrophic basidiomycete fungus cultures in sterile cold
water for up to 7 years of storage. However, Johnson and Martin
(1992), who stored their cultures of saprotrophic basidiomycete fungi
at room temperature in sterile water for 10 years, reported only 26%
survivability.
Smith
et al. (1994), who stored cultures of mycorrhizal fungi for up to 20
months, demonstrated that temperature is a factor to be considered
when storing cultures; in their study 95% of cultures revived at 18
[degrees]C, while at 4 [degrees]C only 78% of cultures revived. Marx
and Daniel (1976), who stored mycorrhizal fungus cultures for up to 3
years in sterile cold water, showed that survival was 100% after 1
year but reduced to 95% and 64% after 2 and 3 years of storage,
respectively. Based on this, although no other studies have reported
revival of cultures of mycorrhizal fungi after 20 years of storage,
32.9% appears to be an expected rate of survival for this length of
time.
It
is of further interest that 21 of the isolates that were revived
after 20 years in sterile cold water in this study did not survive
after 8-12 years of transfer annually on agar slants (see Table 1).
This was true for 11 of the 13 Laccaria isolates, further indicating
sterile cold water to be a superior method for maintaining isolates
of this genus of fungi. The mycorrhizal genus Suillus also had a high
percentage of isolates that faired better stored in sterile cold
water than by transferring annually on agar slants.
In
conclusion, sterile cold water storage is a simple and effective
method of long-term storage of basidiomycete fungus cultures;
however, functional group and family must be taken into account when
considering this method for use by laboratories. Overall, based on
this study, this method of long-term storage is highly suitable for
isolates of saprotrophic basidiomycete fungi, but this same
generalization cannot be made for mycorrhizal fungi. Although sterile
cold water storage appears to be a particularly good method to store
isolates of the mycorrhizal genus Laccaria, it is not suitable for
storing isolates of many other genera. Families and genera of
mycorrhizal fungi exhibit a highly variable response to long-term
storage in sterile cold water.
Acknowledgements
The
former Institute of Wood Research at Michigan Technological
University and the wood science program of Dr. Peter E. Laks allowed
for long-term maintenance of these fungus cultures. Ms. Laura C.
Kangas and Ms. Maureen L. Habarth are thanked for laboratory
assistance and a careful reading of the manuscript.
Received
13 February 2008. Revision received 7 May 2008. Accepted 13 May 2008.
Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at cjm.nrc.ca on 28 June
2008.
References
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H.H., Jr., and Dorworth, E.B. 1994. Preserving cultures of
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J.J. 1979. Preserving fungus strains in sterile water. Mycologia, 71:
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L.L., and Molina, R. 1986. Temperature and time in storage influence
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G.C., and Martin, A.K. 1992. Survival of wood-inhabiting fungi stored
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doi:10.1139/m92-140.
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P.M., Cannon, P.F., David, J.C., and Stalpers, J.A. 2001. Ainsworth
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D.H. 1969. The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the
resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infection. I. Antagonism of
mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria.
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D.H., and Daniel, W.J. 1976. Maintaining cultures of ectomycorrhizal
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D.H., Cordell, C.E., Kenney, D.S., Mexal, J.G., Artman, J.D., Riffle,
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D.L., and Bruhn, J.N. 1989. Revival of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal
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D.L.
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Table
1. Survival of basidiomycete cultures in sterile cold water
after
20 years of storage.
Fungus
species by family Isolate No. *
Agaricaceae
Leucoagaricus
naucinus (Fr.) Singer DR-83
Macrolepiota
procera (Scop.:Fr.) Singer DR-127
Bolbitaceae
Hebeloma
crustuliniforme (Bull. DR-32
ex
St. Am.) Quel.
Hebeloma
sp. "A" DR-11
Hebeloma
sp. "B" DR-110
Boletaceae
Boletus
hosenae Smith & Thiers DR-28
Leccinum
scabrum (Fr.) S. F. Gray DR-22
Hydangiaceae
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton DR-64
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton DR-72
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton DR-91
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton DR-100
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton DR-112
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton DR-141
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. DR-5
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. DR-95
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. DR-102
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. DR-113
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. DR-115
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. DR-133
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. DR-137
Hygrophoropsidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca (Wulfen:Fr.) Maire ATCC 60968
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca (Wulfen:Fr.) Maire DR-66
Lycoperdaceae
Calvatia
gigantea (Pers.) Lloyd DR-105
Lycoperdon
muscorum Morgan DR-98
Lycoperdon
perlatum Pers. DR-84
Marasmiaceae
Armillaria
mellea sensu lato DR-52
Armillaria
mellea sensu lato DR-86
Armillaria
gallica Merxm. & Romagn. DR-140
Lentinula
edodes (Berk.) Pegler DR-89
Oudemansiella
radicata (Re1.:Fr.) Sing. DR-88
Paxillaceae
Paxillus
involutus (Batsch:Fr.) Fr. DR-117
Phallaceae
Phallus
impudicus (L.) Pers. DR-90
Pleurotaceae
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. DR-85
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. DR-93
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. DR-153
Plutaceae
Amanita
citrina (Schaeff) S. F. Gray DR-35
Amanita
flavoconia Atk. DR-94
Amanita
muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hooker DR-59
Rhizopogonaceae
Rhizopogon
rubescens (Tul.) Tul. DR-128
Russulaceae
Lactarius
rufus (Scop.:Fr.) Fr. DR-71
Sclerodermataceae
Scleroderma
citrinum Pers. DR-134
Strophariaceae
Naematoloma
sp. DR-145
Pholiota
flammans (Fr.) Kum. DR-78
Pholiota
sp. "A" DR-50
Pholiota
sp. "B" DR-146
Suillaceae
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray DR-37
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray DR-82
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray DR-143
Suillus
neoalbidipes Palm & Stewart DR-9
Suillus
neoalbidipes Palm & Stewart DR-44
Suillus
pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers DR-21
Suillus
pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers DR-92
Tricholomataceae
Cantharellula
umbonata (Gme1.:Fr.) Singer ATCC 62011
Clitocybe
clavipes (Fr.) Kum. DR-38
Clitocybe
dealbata (Sow.:Fr.) Gillet DR-33
Clitocybe
geotropa (Bull. ex St. Am.) Kum. DR-139
Clitocybe
gibba (Pers.:Fr.) Kum. DR-16
Clitocybe
hydrogramma (Bull.:Fr.) Kum. DR-67
Clitocybe
odora (Bull.:Fr.) Kum. DR-3
Clitocybe
sp. DR-7
Collybia
sp. DR-40
Hypsizygus
tessulatus (Bull.:Fr.) Singer DR-129
Lepista
glaucocana (Bres.) Singer DR-138
Lepista
nuda (Bull.:Fr.) Cooke DR-147
Lyophyllum
decastes (Fr. ex Fr.) Singer DR-87
Panellus
stypticus (Bull.:Fr.) Karst. DR-106
Tricholoma
populinum Lange DR-148
Tricholoma
populinum Lange DR-149
Tricholoma
resplendens (Fr.) Quel. DR-79
Fungus
species by family Type of fungus
Agaricaceae
Leucoagaricus
naucinus (Fr.) Singer Saprotrophic
Macrolepiota
procera (Scop.:Fr.) Singer Saprotrophic
Bolbitaceae
Hebeloma
crustuliniforme (Bull. Mycorrhizal
ex
St. Am.) Quel.
Hebeloma
sp. "A" Mycorrhizal
Hebeloma
sp. "B" Mycorrhizal
Boletaceae
Boletus
hosenae Smith & Thiers Mycorrhizal
Leccinum
scabrum (Fr.) S. F. Gray Mycorrhizal
Hydangiaceae
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. Mycorrhizal
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. Mycorrhizal
Hygrophoropsidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca (Wulfen:Fr.) Maire Saprotrophic
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca (Wulfen:Fr.) Maire Saprotrophic
Lycoperdaceae
Calvatia
gigantea (Pers.) Lloyd Saprotrophic
Lycoperdon
muscorum Morgan Saprotrophic
Lycoperdon
perlatum Pers. Saprotrophic
Marasmiaceae
Armillaria
mellea sensu lato Saprotrophic
Armillaria
mellea sensu lato Saprotrophic
Armillaria
gallica Merxm. & Romagn. Saprotrophic
Lentinula
edodes (Berk.) Pegler Saprotrophic
Oudemansiella
radicata (Re1.:Fr.) Sing. Saprotrophic
Paxillaceae
Paxillus
involutus (Batsch:Fr.) Fr. Mycorrhizal
Phallaceae
Phallus
impudicus (L.) Pers. Saprotrophic
Pleurotaceae
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Plutaceae
Amanita
citrina (Schaeff) S. F. Gray Mycorrhizal
Amanita
flavoconia Atk. Mycorrhizal
Amanita
muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hooker Mycorrhizal
Rhizopogonaceae
Rhizopogon
rubescens (Tul.) Tul. Mycorrhizal
Russulaceae
Lactarius
rufus (Scop.:Fr.) Fr. Mycorrhizal
Sclerodermataceae
Scleroderma
citrinum Pers. Mycorrhizal
Strophariaceae
Naematoloma
sp. Saprotrophic
Pholiota
flammans (Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Pholiota
sp. "A" Saprotrophic
Pholiota
sp. "B" Saprotrophic
Suillaceae
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray Mycorrhizal
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray Mycorrhizal
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray Mycorrhizal
Suillus
neoalbidipes Palm & Stewart Mycorrhizal
Suillus
neoalbidipes Palm & Stewart Mycorrhizal
Suillus
pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers Mycorrhizal
Suillus
pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers Mycorrhizal
Tricholomataceae
Cantharellula
umbonata (Gme1.:Fr.) Singer Saprotrophic
Clitocybe
clavipes (Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Clitocybe
dealbata (Sow.:Fr.) Gillet Saprotrophic
Clitocybe
geotropa (Bull. ex St. Am.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Clitocybe
gibba (Pers.:Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Clitocybe
hydrogramma (Bull.:Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Clitocybe
odora (Bull.:Fr.) Kum. Saprotrophic
Clitocybe
sp. Saprotrophic
Collybia
sp. Saprotrophic
Hypsizygus
tessulatus (Bull.:Fr.) Singer Saprotrophic
Lepista
glaucocana (Bres.) Singer Saprotrophic
Lepista
nuda (Bull.:Fr.) Cooke Saprotrophic
Lyophyllum
decastes (Fr. ex Fr.) Singer Saprotrophic
Panellus
stypticus (Bull.:Fr.) Karst. Saprotrophic
Tricholoma
populinum Lange Mycorrhizal
Tricholoma
populinum Lange Mycorrhizal
Tricholoma
resplendens (Fr.) Quel. Mycorrhizal
Fungus
species by family Viability
([dagger])
Agaricaceae
Leucoagaricus
naucinus (Fr.) Singer +
Macrolepiota
procera (Scop.:Fr.) Singer -
Bolbitaceae
Hebeloma
crustuliniforme (Bull. +
ex
St. Am.) Quel.
Hebeloma
sp. "A" +
Hebeloma
sp. "B" -
Boletaceae
Boletus
hosenae Smith & Thiers +
Leccinum
scabrum (Fr.) S. F. Gray -
Hydangiaceae
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton (+)
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton (+)
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton +
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton (+)
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton (+)
Laccaria
bicolor (Maire) Orton (+)
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. (+)
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. (+)
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. (+)
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. (+1)
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. (+)
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. (+)
Laccaria
laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. +
Hygrophoropsidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca (Wulfen:Fr.) Maire +
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca (Wulfen:Fr.) Maire +
Lycoperdaceae
Calvatia
gigantea (Pers.) Lloyd +
Lycoperdon
muscorum Morgan +
Lycoperdon
perlatum Pers. +
Marasmiaceae
Armillaria
mellea sensu lato +
Armillaria
mellea sensu lato +
Armillaria
gallica Merxm. & Romagn. +
Lentinula
edodes (Berk.) Pegler +
Oudemansiella
radicata (Re1.:Fr.) Sing. +
Paxillaceae
Paxillus
involutus (Batsch:Fr.) Fr. -
Phallaceae
Phallus
impudicus (L.) Pers. +
Pleurotaceae
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. +
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. +
Pleurotus
ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kum. +
Plutaceae
Amanita
citrina (Schaeff) S. F. Gray +
Amanita
flavoconia Atk. +
Amanita
muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hooker (+)
Rhizopogonaceae
Rhizopogon
rubescens (Tul.) Tul. +
Russulaceae
Lactarius
rufus (Scop.:Fr.) Fr. +
Sclerodermataceae
Scleroderma
citrinum Pers. -
Strophariaceae
Naematoloma
sp. +
Pholiota
flammans (Fr.) Kum. -
Pholiota
sp. "A" +
Pholiota
sp. "B" +
Suillaceae
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray (+)
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray (+)
Suillus
luteus (Fr.) S. F. Gray -
Suillus
neoalbidipes Palm & Stewart (+)
Suillus
neoalbidipes Palm & Stewart +
Suillus
pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers -
Suillus
pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers (-)
Tricholomataceae
Cantharellula
umbonata (Gme1.:Fr.) Singer +
Clitocybe
clavipes (Fr.) Kum. (+)
Clitocybe
dealbata (Sow.:Fr.) Gillet +
Clitocybe
geotropa (Bull. ex St. Am.) Kum. -
Clitocybe
gibba (Pers.:Fr.) Kum. (+)
Clitocybe
hydrogramma (Bull.:Fr.) Kum. +
Clitocybe
odora (Bull.:Fr.) Kum. -
Clitocybe
sp. +
Collybia
sp. +
Hypsizygus
tessulatus (Bull.:Fr.) Singer (+)
Lepista
glaucocana (Bres.) Singer +
Lepista
nuda (Bull.:Fr.) Cooke +
Lyophyllum
decastes (Fr. ex Fr.) Singer (+)
Panellus
stypticus (Bull.:Fr.) Karst. +
Tricholoma
populinum Lange -
Tricholoma
populinum Lange +
Tricholoma
resplendens (Fr.) Quel. (+)
*
DR, Collection of Dana L. Richter; ATCC, American Type Culture
Collection,
Beltsville, Maryland.
([dagger])
Three agar cores were plated for each fungus. +, indicates
3
cores were viable; +1, indicates only one of 3 cores was
viable;
-, indicates 3 cores were not viable. Data in parentheses
indicate
that the culture did not survive after 8-12 years on
agar
slants transferred annually.
Table
2. Summary of survival by genus of basidiomycete cultures in
sterile
cold water after 2-4 and 20 years of storage in sterile cold
water
(only genera with 2 or more original isolates stored are
shown).
Total
no.
Fungus
genus Type of fungus of isolates
Amanita
Mycorrhizal 9
Armillaria
Saprotrophic 3
Boletus
Mycorrhizal 9
Clitocybe
Saprotrophic 8
Hebeloma
Mycorrhizal 4
Hygrophoropsis
Saprotrophic 2
Laccaria
Mycorrhizal 15
Lactarius
Mycorrhizal 9
Leccinum
Mycorrhizal 2
Lepista
Saprotrophic 2
Lycoperdon
Saprotrophic 2
Paxillus
Mycorrhizal 3
Pholiota
Saprotrophic 3
Pleurotus
Saprotrophic 3
Scleroderma
Mycorrhizal 22
Suillus
Mycorrhizal 13
Thelephora
Mycorrhizal 3
Tricholoma
Mycorrhizal 4
No.
of isolates surviving
after:
Fungus
genus 2-4 years * 20 years
Amanita
3 3
Armillaria
3 3
Boletus
1 1
Clitocybe
7 5
Hebeloma
3 2
Hygrophoropsis
2 2
Laccaria
13 13
Lactarius
1 1
Leccinum
1 1
Lepista
2 2
Lycoperdon
2 2
Paxillus
1 0
Pholiota
3 2
Pleurotus
3 3
Scleroderma
1 0
Suillus
7 4
Thelephora
0 -
Tricholoma
3 2
*
Data are from Richter and Bruhn (1989).
Gale
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