The universe was theorized to be expanding based on the idea that something infinite in the third dimension must be larger than it was a moment ago. This theory is entangled with knowledge of time and knowledge of how matter, which is only condensed energy, acts within it, or, more simply, what happens in a third dimension. This theory was just that, a theory, until the study of type Ia supernovae led astronomers and cosmologist to the ability to calculate the expansion rate of the universe. Supernovae are giant explosions of light that expel through the universe when a massive star dies. , Different personality traits of how bright the supernovae shine and how far away from earth it is forms with each separate explosion. They act as a candle traveling through time, leading to overall calculations for how the universe is growing. The theory that the universe is infinite in a third dimension was more thoroughly understood based on a steady flow of supernovae data, but what was not preconceived at the time of this theory was that the universe would eventually, almost out of the blue, begin to speed its current expansion rate. This event is now known as cosmic acceleration and is believed to be caused by dark energy.
Dark energy or dark matter is a proposed substance like anti-gravity or gravity in the negative sense, which pushes instead of pulls the matter of the universe. Unlike matter that is around us that we can see, dark matter can not be seen; only calculated by the effects of which it is supposedly manipulating. For example, there are clusters of galaxies where gravitational forces point in directions where there is no matter, like that in the galaxy cluster CL0025+1654 which is about 4.5 billion light-years away, brining about the need for dark energy. What is interesting about clusters like CL0025+1654, is that the combined mass bends light from its intense gravitational forces (first theorized by Einstein), and allows the ability to track the dark matter layout of the cluster. This seems like overwhelming evidence in supporting the theory for dark energy, yet other objections rise, and the purpose in writing this essay in not to inform of these objections, but rather to argue that dark energy does not exist at all.
To begin questioning dark matter, I would first like to point out that dark matter is not exactly a complete theory. For something to be a theory, all bases need to be covered, and the theory of dark matter does not begin to make sense of how dark matter is made throughout the universe. This hole in dark matter lore is devastating and can be viewed as contrasting natural law that matter cannot appear from nothing. Some may say that the unknown creation of dark matter is trivial to how much humanity knows on the subject, and the answer will reveal itself eventually. This statement, however, isn’t taking the evidence in hand that dark matter could be proven otherwise, and is stating that future events are going to prove the existence of dark matter, where the opposite may be true as well. So the theory of dark matter is not exactly a theory, but more of a hypothetical with some amount of supporting evidence.
Other supporting ideas for dark matter also happen to be in theory. More recently the theory that the universe is operating in cycles, or the cyclic model of the universe, proposes that dark energy is the reason for universal acceleration. The cyclic theory is a complete theory; then again, it is based on possibly skewed calculations. To measure the growth of the universe, type Ia supernovae are used as measuring sticks in time by studying the intensity of the emitted light. Once the amount of light is sampled, the duration of illumination the explosion gives off allows the distance from where the death of the massive star detonated to be correlated with where earth rests by manipulating the data to the speed of light. Yet with several constants to calculate, there is one variable missing. The wattage for each illumination is dependent on the size and brightness of the emitted light; the brighter a supernova, the higher the wattage and vice versa, but was never previously included in data until recently. Why this would matter is unclear, other than the findings that much older supernovae were on average 12% brighter than supernovae of a more current time (less than 8 billion years ago).
Brighter supernovae, as directly related to wattage, are more powerful in explosion and last longer in lighting up the universe. Because greater wattages in earlier supernovae are present, it leads to a possible conclusion that there are multiple ways to spark the explosions. This new data reflects poorly on both the universe’s previous measurements and the effect dark matter has on the expansion. In short, the way the growth of the universe has been measured is not definite, and the effect of dark energy being the underlining cause in universal expansion can have dilapidated results. This means that the effect dark matter has been thought to have on the universe may not be in effect at all, rendering the abilities of dark matter to be false. Dark energy is the clearest present theory to explaining the sudden increased rate of universal expansion; however, with wattage of a supernovae not counted in the expansion equation, the universe may in fact be larger or smaller than what is thought. Dark energy may become an empty substance if its alleged function in the universe were just fabrications of bad evidence. These findings seem to tear down the theory of dark matter. Both the unknown origin of dark matter and denied effect of the substance extinguish the need for dark matter in the universe. There is supporting evidence that mimics the effect of dark matter, and to this support many observers in physics find possible solidness.
CL0025+1654 is one of many clusters of stars that seem to show proof of dark energy. Inside the cluster, forces seem to pull in directions where matter is not located, meaning gravity isn’t acting on the cluster. Instead, what is thought to be happening, is that dark energy is pushing the cluster on the opposite side, so instead of being pulled, matter is actually being pushed. This is what leading views of dark matter take for granted, but in one very large way can be wrong.
Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is under debate for small particles orbiting giant masses. In lab studies, scientists have concluded that for slow moving particles, the gravitational acceleration they experience when traveling toward a larger mass is increased from that of the Newtonian constant. This evidence against universal gravitation disrupts its theory, and calls for gravity to be redefined. These lab experiments and the designated theory that goes along with them are called Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). It is unclear as to a larger gravitational pull being experienced through celestial bodies, but the particle movements imitate the presence of unseen matter.
Adding strength to this theory, MOND has been able to predict the behavior of low-surface-brightness galaxies (LSBs) before they were directly observed. LSBs are galaxies that, for the amount of mass they have, produce very little light. The brightness of LSBs is explained by the current understanding of gravity, but gives leeway to the MOND theory. LSBs have very dim expulsions of light, and this is because of its intense gravitational pull not allowing light to escape, much like a black hole but in smaller quantities. The stellar movements within these galaxies also follow a strange path, and are believed, possibly incorrectly, that these galaxies are mostly dark matter manipulated. Yet, MOND produces the same results in a laboratory controlled environment by tweaking gravity so to speak, meaning that LSBs are galaxies of small particles orbiting a giant mass in astral sizes. These particles in the libratory sense, or stars in the astronomical sense, both produce dark matter effects, yet are products of a modified gravity. In this and other aspects of gravitation, dark matter is not needed inside the universe. Instead, the theory of gravity is being modified in such a way that can dissolve dark matter completely.
Dark matter is not a clear substance or even a needed substance throughout the universe. Without a proper theory to classify dark energy, dark energy can be viewed as made up matter to help find the easy answer in cosmology. The evidence against the material is incriminating at worst, and eradicates the need for its simplicity. Dark matter or dark energy was created to both explain the growth of the universe and the impossible patterns some galaxies of stars produce, but the data for such calculations are outdated. The universe may or may not be expanding at an accelerated rate, but instead, the test we use for such a phenomenon isn’t understood to its fullest, and can’t be relied on. This and the reason that dark matter viewed inside galaxies can be redefined by Modified Newtonian Dynamics disrupts dark matters duties inside the cosmos, rendering it a surplus of fabricated and preposterous ideas created out of lack of understanding of the stars.
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