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InvisibleDiploidM
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Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection
    #5975289 - 08/18/06 07:04 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Circumcision Can Reduce AIDS Risk, Study Says

Stefan Lovgren
for National Geographic News
July 27, 2005

Circumcised men may be much less likely to contract HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, through sex with infected women, a new study says.

Speaking yesterday at an International AIDS Society conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, French AIDS researcher Bertran Auvert presented the study's findings, which are based on 3,273 South African men.

The results show that circumcised men in the study were 63 percent less likely than uncircumcised men to be infected through sex with HIV-positive women. That's a far better level of protection than the 30 percent reduction risk set as a target for an AIDS vaccine.

Auvert urged the promotion of circumcision as a public health initiative in Africa. "The first thing to do is to offer safe male circumcision to those who want to be circumcised. We must adapt the health system so that it can afford male circumcision," said Auvert, who works for the National Institute of Health and Medical Research in Saint-Maurice, France.

Robert Bailey, an epidemiology professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, hailed the study as a wakeup call.

"If the international public health community was not alert before, this will surely wake them up to a possible intervention that could be more effective than any vaccine that might be developed over the next ten years," he said.

Bailey is leading a similar study, funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, in Kenya.

Best Evidence Yet

The idea that male circumcision provides significant protection against HIV infection is not new. Auvert's report "is an interesting confirmation of a long-standing hypothesis, which if confirmed could potentially have a major impact on preventing new infections in men," said Seth Berkley, the president of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative in New York.

Several dozen previous studies in Africa have shown that circumcised men are two to nine times less likely to become infected by women with the virus than uncircumcised men are. But with its sample group of 3,000 men, Auvert's study is by far the most extensive to date.

"Male circumcision must be recognized as an important means to fight the spread of HIV infection and the international community must mobilize to promote it," Auvert wrote in the abstract of his presentation in Rio de Janeiro.

Health officials have hesitated to integrate circumcision with other HIV-prevention strategies, because the practice has strong cultural and religious implications. The procedure also carries the risk of complications if performed incorrectly or in unsanitary conditions.

Male circumcision, the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis, is common in the United States. It is not, however, practiced regularly in many other regions of the world, including Asia and parts of Europe.

In Africa about 70 percent of men are circumcised, mostly according to ethnic affiliation. The practice is performed at birth or during rite-of-passage ceremonies in early puberty.

Africa has the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates in the world, with more than 25 million people infected.

French and South African researchers began the newly released study in August 2002. Their subjects were HIV-negative men ages 18 to 24 in the South African township of Orange Farm, south of Johannesburg.

Half of the men in the study were randomly assigned to be circumcised, while the other half remained uncircumcised. The researchers found that, for every ten uncircumcised men in the study who contracted HIV, only about three circumcised men did so.

"This is very dramatic," Bailey said—so dramatic that the study was stopped in February, nine months before completion. The researchers had decided it would be unethical to proceed without offering the uncircumcised control group the chance to undergo the procedure.

Why Circumcision May Work

Medical anthropologists noticed as early as 1989 that the highest HIV infection rates in Africa were occurring in regions where the predominant cultures did not practice male circumcision. Since then some 35 studies have suggested a relationship between male circumcision and lower HIV infection rates.

Adult HIV infection rates are above 30 percent in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and eastern South Africa—areas where male circumcision is not generally practiced. Meanwhile, infection rates are below 5 percent in most of West Africa, where male circumcision is commonplace.

The reason for the increased risk of infection, experts say, is because the foreskin of the penis is susceptible to scratches and tears during intercourse. In addition, the foreskin contains a high density of Langerhans cells, which are especially vulnerable to HIV.

Circumcision may also prevent other sexually transmitted diseases, including syphilis and herpes, which are known to increase the likelihood of HIV infection.

There were almost five million new HIV infections worldwide last year. Other than abstinence and safer sex, almost nothing has been proved to reduce the sexual spread of HIV. A vaccine may be 20 years away, according to some estimates.

Cultural Practice

Male circumcision could be a powerful way to reduce the spread of the disease, many experts say. However, getting people to change their cultural and religious practices is notoriously difficult.

"About two-thirds of the world's men are not circumcised," said Bailey, the Illinois epidemiologist. "Many of these are understandably reticent to consider a procedure that they have not experienced themselves and which they may view as risky and painful."

But studies have shown that most men and women in traditionally non-circumcising regions of Africa prefer males to be circumcised if the procedure is done safely and affordably.

In a survey of 216 adults in Kenya, Bailey found that 60 percent of men would prefer to be circumcised and that 62 percent of women would prefer circumcised partners, but only about 10 percent of men actually have the procedure done.

However, the benefits of male circumcision must be weighed against the potential harm, Bailey says. When done properly, circumcision is a simple outpatient procedure. But in unsafe conditions, complications can arise.

"There are many horror stories of young boys and men suffering profuse bleeding, advanced infections, and even mutilation and death," Bailey said. "Most of these incidents have been associated with circumcisions done by untrained practitioners, especially traditional circumcisers in East and southern Africa."

Health experts also worry that many men might think circumcision will completely protect them from AIDS, causing them to take increased risks in their sex lives.

Still, Bailey says, AIDS experts in Africa are much more open to promoting male circumcision than they were five to six years ago.

"Given all these benefits which have become more widely known in recent years, it is not so surprising that the scientific and public health communities are paying more attention to this potentially effective prevention tool," Bailey said.

Despite the encouraging new statistics, Auvert, the study leader, warns that his report is far from the final word. "It's too early to say male circumcision should be integrated in a plan to fight the spread of HIV, because the study has only been done in one place."

Soon enough, though, results of similar studies should be arriving from other African countries and may cement Auvert's South African findings.

For Maria Wawer, a professor of clinical public health at Baltimore, Maryland's Johns Hopkins University, Auvert's study is only the beginning. Addressing the possibility of similar results from studies in Kenya and Uganda, she said, "This would be wonderful, since, if the two ongoing studies replicate the South African finding, it will provide evidence that circumcision is highly effective in diverse settings."

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0726_050726_circumcision_2.html


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Republican Values:

1) You can't get married to your spouse who is the same sex as you.
2) You can't have an abortion no matter how much you don't want a child.
3) You can't have a certain plant in your possession or you'll get locked up with a rapist and a murderer.

4) We need a smaller, less-intrusive government.


Edited by Diploid (08/19/06 06:43 AM)


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InvisibleStroFun
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Diploid]
    #5975398 - 08/18/06 08:46 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Mel Gibson thinks this just a way to spread judaism :frown:
ha ha


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OfflineAnnoA
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Diploid]
    #5977172 - 08/18/06 10:01 PM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Quote:

Diploid said:
In Africa about 70 percent of men are circumcised, mostly according to ethnic affiliation. The practice is performed at birth or during rite-of-passage ceremonies in early puberty.

Africa has the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates in the world, with more than 25 million people infected.




So, as we see, circumsion is a very effective means of preventing the spread of the AIDS epidemics....


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Offlineabhi
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Anno]
    #5977523 - 08/18/06 11:54 PM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Just what I thought when I read that ....


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InvisibleDiploidM
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Anno]
    #5977894 - 08/19/06 06:33 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Quote:

Africa has the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates in the world, with more than 25 million people infected.




That's neither here nor there. Their infection rates are high because they fuck like rabbits and never use protection.

The results of the study can be summed up with this statement:

Quote:

Half of the men in the study were randomly assigned to be circumcised, while the other half remained uncircumcised. The researchers found that, for every ten uncircumcised men in the study who contracted HIV, only about three circumcised men did so.

"This is very dramatic," Bailey said—so dramatic that the study was stopped in February, nine months before completion. The researchers had decided it would be unethical to proceed without offering the uncircumcised control group the chance to undergo the procedure.





I'm not defending or denouncing voluntary circumcision, only presenting the finding of the study, BTW. Several other studies are scheduled or underway to confirm these results.


--------------------
Republican Values:

1) You can't get married to your spouse who is the same sex as you.
2) You can't have an abortion no matter how much you don't want a child.
3) You can't have a certain plant in your possession or you'll get locked up with a rapist and a murderer.

4) We need a smaller, less-intrusive government.


Edited by Diploid (08/19/06 06:44 AM)


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Offlinekotik
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Diploid]
    #5977949 - 08/19/06 08:20 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Quote:

because the foreskin of the penis is susceptible to scratches and tears during intercourse. In addition, the foreskin contains a high density of Langerhans cells, which are especially vulnerable to HIV.




so after a verbose report, this is the conclusion?  :thumbdown:

by that theory, fat people are more prone to getting HIV as well, since they have more square-inches of body matter, therefore being more susceptible to scratches and tears.

it always amazes me how AIDS/HIV are always reported together, when not all AIDS patients have had HIV, and not all HIV patients get AIDS.


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No statements made in any post or message by myself should be construed to mean that I am now, or have ever been, participating in or considering participation in any activities in violation of any local, state, or federal laws. All posts are works of fiction.


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InvisibleDiploidM
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: kotik]
    #5978023 - 08/19/06 09:32 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Are you saying the study is flawed?

when not all AIDS patients have had HIV, and not all HIV patients get AIDS

Once diagnosed, it is always the case the the patient dies on average within 10 years if left untreated. Almost all scientists working on the problem agree that HIV causes AIDS.

To date, not one single person has ever recovered from HIV infection.


--------------------
Republican Values:

1) You can't get married to your spouse who is the same sex as you.
2) You can't have an abortion no matter how much you don't want a child.
3) You can't have a certain plant in your possession or you'll get locked up with a rapist and a murderer.

4) We need a smaller, less-intrusive government.


Edited by Diploid (08/19/06 09:39 AM)


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Offlinecybrbeast
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Diploid]
    #5980923 - 08/20/06 05:28 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Or they could just use condoms. I think it's easier to convince people to wear a condom than to get them to chop part of their penis off.


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futuretribe.space


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Offlinefireworks_godS
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: cybrbeast]
    #5980954 - 08/20/06 06:08 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

I wonder how they got people without AIDS to volunteer for a study, in which they have sex with women who have AIDS.... hhhhm....

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InvisibleDiploidM
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: cybrbeast]
    #5980970 - 08/20/06 06:50 AM (17 years, 5 months ago)

Or they could just use condoms. I think it's easier to convince people to wear a condom than to get them to chop part of their penis off.

That's a hard sell for illiterate people staving to death who the Catholic Church feeds on condition they accept that contraceptives of any kind are a sin against god.

Gotta love the fruits of irrationality and other made up stuff, eh?


--------------------
Republican Values:

1) You can't get married to your spouse who is the same sex as you.
2) You can't have an abortion no matter how much you don't want a child.
3) You can't have a certain plant in your possession or you'll get locked up with a rapist and a murderer.

4) We need a smaller, less-intrusive government.


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Offlinecybrbeast
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: fireworks_god]
    #5982007 - 08/20/06 05:39 PM (17 years, 5 months ago)

I don't think they forced the volunteers to have sex with people who had AIDS. They just followed the group and saw how many in each group got AIDS. So maybe circumcized people just got less sex  :smirk:

Diploid, I agree, the church sucks. I thought the idea was to give unconditional help. To help your brothers and sisters no matter what they choose to believe. Organised religion is mostly evil.


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InvisibleSilversoul
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Diploid]
    #5987446 - 08/22/06 06:27 PM (17 years, 5 months ago)

A condom doesn't know or care if you're circumcised or not. Wrap it up, guys!


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OfflineWharphRat
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: Anno] * 1
    #18691143 - 08/11/13 12:18 PM (10 years, 5 months ago)

Quote:

Anno said:
Quote:

Diploid said:
In Africa about 70 percent of men are circumcised, mostly according to ethnic affiliation. The practice is performed at birth or during rite-of-passage ceremonies in early puberty.

Africa has the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates in the world, with more than 25 million people infected.




So, as we see, circumsion is a very effective means of preventing the spread of the AIDS epidemics....




No it's not.

Three studies in Africa several years ago that claimed that circumcision prevented AIDS and that circumcision was as effective as a 60% effective vaccine (Auvert 2005, 2006). These studies had many flaws, including that they were stopped before all the results came in. There have also been several studies that show that circumcision does not prevent HIV (Connolly 2008). There are many issues at play in the spread of STDs which make it very hard to generalize results from one population to another.

In Africa, where the recent studies have been done, most HIV transmission is through male-female sex, but in the USA, it is mainly transmitted through blood exposure (like needle sharing) and male-male sex. Male circumcision does not protect women from acquiring HIV, nor does it protect men who have sex with men (Wawer 2009, Jameson 2009).

What's worse, because of the publicity surrounding the African studies, men in Africa are now starting to believe that if they are circumcised, they do not need to wear condoms, which will increase the spread of HIV (Westercamp 2010). Even in the study with the most favorable effects of circumcision, the protective effect was only 60% - men would still have to wear condoms to protect themselves and their partners from HIV.

In the USA, during the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s and 90s, about 85% of adult men were circumcised (much higher rates of circumcision than in Africa), and yet HIV still spread.

It is important to understand, too, that the men in the African studies were adults and they volunteered for circumcision. Babies undergoing circumcision were not given the choice to decide for themselves.


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OfflineChuangTzu
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Re: Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV Infection [Re: WharphRat]
    #18692899 - 08/11/13 08:08 PM (10 years, 5 months ago)

Did you join this forum just to revive every 6 year old thread on circumcision?


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