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InvisibleDiploidM
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Loc: Rabbit Hole
Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy
    #5710608 - 06/04/06 09:58 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/01/news/health.php

Study tracks genital cutting's deadly legacy
By Elisabeth Rosenthal

International Herald Tribune

FRIDAY, JUNE 2, 2006

The first large medical study of female genital mutilation has found that the procedure has deadly consequences when a woman gives birth, raising by more than 50 percent the likelihood that the woman or her baby would die.

Rates of serious medical complications surrounding childbirth, such as bleeding, also rose dramatically in women who had undergone genital cutting, according to the research published Friday in the British medical journal Lancet.

"Reliable evidence about its harmful effects, especially on reproduction, should contribute to the abandonment of the practice," write the study's authors, all members of the World Health Organization Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetrical Outcome.

While women's groups and human rights organizations have long campaigned against genital mutilation as a rights issue, the study provides the first conclusive medical evidence of long-term physical harm, taking the debate further into the public health arena.

"Finally we have data to prove what health workers have long known: That female genital mutilation is a health issue, a killer of women and children, as well as a human rights issue," said Adrienne Germain, president of the International Women's Health Coalition in New York.

She added: "This should greatly help advocates overcome arguments that genital mutilation is an untouchable cultural practice."

Previous studies to document the long-term medical effects of genital mutilation - also called female circumcision - were far smaller and produced inconsistent or unreliable results, largely because of the logistical difficulties of collecting large amounts of hard data in the poor countries where the practice is traditional.

In a commentary accompanying the study in Lancet, N Eke and K.E.O. Nkanginierne, doctors at the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria, called the study group's report "a landmark."

In a number of African cultures, genital mutilation is part of a coming- of-age ceremony, and defenders have contended that it is a cultural practice, like male circumcision in the Jewish religion, with few, if any, proven long- term health consequences.

With new, concrete evidence of the procedure's deadly aftereffects, Eke and Nkanginierne suggest that genital mutilation "should now be included among critical health indices for less developed countries."

The study was conducted with the help of more than 28,000 women in six African nations from 2001 to 2003. The women were examined to document the degree of genital damage and followed until after they had given birth to children.

More than 100 million women worldwide have undergone genital mutilation, mostly in childhood, often without anesthesia or sterile technique. Pain, bleeding and infection are immediate consequences. Doctors suspect that the procedure is also linked to a later risk of urinary infections.

The procedure varies in severity, from a full excision of the clitoris and labia, to a lesser procedure in which only the former is removed.

In either case, the study found, women who have undergone genital cutting and their babies were more likely to die during childbirth. More extensive genital mutilation procedures produced the highest rates of maternal and infant death during childbirth many years later.

The minor forms of mutilation caused about a 20 percent rise in death rates, while extensive procedures caused rises of over 50 percent.

By almost all measures studied by the World Health Organization, a history of genital mutilation put both mother and baby at risk. Mothers who had had the procedure had longer hospital stays, experienced more blood loss and were more likely to need a Caesarean section. Babies were nearly twice as likely to require resuscitation.

Worse still, the researchers noted, the study almost certainly underestimates the potential for death and damage, since it only included women who delivered their babies in hospitals.

Many women in the African nations where genital mutilation is practiced deliver their babies at home, where medical complications like severe bleeding cannot be treated and an ailing newborn cannot be resuscitated.

Although the exact reason for the rise in mortality was not clear, the researchers noted that it made anatomical sense: Genital mutilation results in severe scarring of the vagina and surrounding area, so it might make it more difficult for babies to emerge.

In the study countries, rates of genital mutilation ranged from a high of 83 percent, in Sudan, to a low of about 40 percent, in Ghana. One country involved in the study, Senegal, outlawed the more extensive form of the procedure in 1998.

And many doctors expressed hope that the new medical evidence would push others to follow.

Wrote Eke and Nkanginierne: "There is hope that female genital mutilation will face the fate of past cultural rituals such as the rejection of twins, the African slave trade, Chinese foot- binding and Victorian chastity belts."

The first large medical study of female genital mutilation has found that the procedure has deadly consequences when a woman gives birth, raising by more than 50 percent the likelihood that the woman or her baby would die.

Rates of serious medical complications surrounding childbirth, such as bleeding, also rose dramatically in women who had undergone genital cutting, according to the research published Friday in the British medical journal Lancet.

"Reliable evidence about its harmful effects, especially on reproduction, should contribute to the abandonment of the practice," write the study's authors, all members of the World Health Organization Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetrical Outcome.

While women's groups and human rights organizations have long campaigned against genital mutilation as a rights issue, the study provides the first conclusive medical evidence of long-term physical harm, taking the debate further into the public health arena.

"Finally we have data to prove what health workers have long known: That female genital mutilation is a health issue, a killer of women and children, as well as a human rights issue," said Adrienne Germain, president of the International Women's Health Coalition in New York.

She added: "This should greatly help advocates overcome arguments that genital mutilation is an untouchable cultural practice."

Previous studies to document the long-term medical effects of genital mutilation - also called female circumcision - were far smaller and produced inconsistent or unreliable results, largely because of the logistical difficulties of collecting large amounts of hard data in the poor countries where the practice is traditional.

In a commentary accompanying the study in Lancet, N Eke and K.E.O. Nkanginierne, doctors at the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria, called the study group's report "a landmark."

In a number of African cultures, genital mutilation is part of a coming- of-age ceremony, and defenders have contended that it is a cultural practice, like male circumcision in the Jewish religion, with few, if any, proven long- term health consequences.

With new, concrete evidence of the procedure's deadly aftereffects, Eke and Nkanginierne suggest that genital mutilation "should now be included among critical health indices for less developed countries."

The study was conducted with the help of more than 28,000 women in six African nations from 2001 to 2003. The women were examined to document the degree of genital damage and followed until after they had given birth to children.

More than 100 million women worldwide have undergone genital mutilation, mostly in childhood, often without anesthesia or sterile technique. Pain, bleeding and infection are immediate consequences. Doctors suspect that the procedure is also linked to a later risk of urinary infections.

The procedure varies in severity, from a full excision of the clitoris and labia, to a lesser procedure in which only the former is removed.

In either case, the study found, women who have undergone genital cutting and their babies were more likely to die during childbirth. More extensive genital mutilation procedures produced the highest rates of maternal and infant death during childbirth many years later.

The minor forms of mutilation caused about a 20 percent rise in death rates, while extensive procedures caused rises of over 50 percent.

By almost all measures studied by the World Health Organization, a history of genital mutilation put both mother and baby at risk. Mothers who had had the procedure had longer hospital stays, experienced more blood loss and were more likely to need a Caesarean section. Babies were nearly twice as likely to require resuscitation.

Worse still, the researchers noted, the study almost certainly underestimates the potential for death and damage, since it only included women who delivered their babies in hospitals.

Many women in the African nations where genital mutilation is practiced deliver their babies at home, where medical complications like severe bleeding cannot be treated and an ailing newborn cannot be resuscitated.

Although the exact reason for the rise in mortality was not clear, the researchers noted that it made anatomical sense: Genital mutilation results in severe scarring of the vagina and surrounding area, so it might make it more difficult for babies to emerge.

In the study countries, rates of genital mutilation ranged from a high of 83 percent, in Sudan, to a low of about 40 percent, in Ghana. One country involved in the study, Senegal, outlawed the more extensive form of the procedure in 1998.

And many doctors expressed hope that the new medical evidence would push others to follow.

Wrote Eke and Nkanginierne: "There is hope that female genital mutilation will face the fate of past cultural rituals such as the rejection of twins, the African slave trade, Chinese foot- binding and Victorian chastity belts."

The first large medical study of female genital mutilation has found that the procedure has deadly consequences when a woman gives birth, raising by more than 50 percent the likelihood that the woman or her baby would die.

Rates of serious medical complications surrounding childbirth, such as bleeding, also rose dramatically in women who had undergone genital cutting, according to the research published Friday in the British medical journal Lancet.

"Reliable evidence about its harmful effects, especially on reproduction, should contribute to the abandonment of the practice," write the study's authors, all members of the World Health Organization Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetrical Outcome.

While women's groups and human rights organizations have long campaigned against genital mutilation as a rights issue, the study provides the first conclusive medical evidence of long-term physical harm, taking the debate further into the public health arena.

"Finally we have data to prove what health workers have long known: That female genital mutilation is a health issue, a killer of women and children, as well as a human rights issue," said Adrienne Germain, president of the International Women's Health Coalition in New York.

She added: "This should greatly help advocates overcome arguments that genital mutilation is an untouchable cultural practice."

Previous studies to document the long-term medical effects of genital mutilation - also called female circumcision - were far smaller and produced inconsistent or unreliable results, largely because of the logistical difficulties of collecting large amounts of hard data in the poor countries where the practice is traditional.

In a commentary accompanying the study in Lancet, N Eke and K.E.O. Nkanginierne, doctors at the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria, called the study group's report "a landmark."

In a number of African cultures, genital mutilation is part of a coming- of-age ceremony, and defenders have contended that it is a cultural practice, like male circumcision in the Jewish religion, with few, if any, proven long- term health consequences.

With new, concrete evidence of the procedure's deadly aftereffects, Eke and Nkanginierne suggest that genital mutilation "should now be included among critical health indices for less developed countries."

The study was conducted with the help of more than 28,000 women in six African nations from 2001 to 2003. The women were examined to document the degree of genital damage and followed until after they had given birth to children.

More than 100 million women worldwide have undergone genital mutilation, mostly in childhood, often without anesthesia or sterile technique. Pain, bleeding and infection are immediate consequences. Doctors suspect that the procedure is also linked to a later risk of urinary infections.

The procedure varies in severity, from a full excision of the clitoris and labia, to a lesser procedure in which only the former is removed.

In either case, the study found, women who have undergone genital cutting and their babies were more likely to die during childbirth. More extensive genital mutilation procedures produced the highest rates of maternal and infant death during childbirth many years later.

The minor forms of mutilation caused about a 20 percent rise in death rates, while extensive procedures caused rises of over 50 percent.

By almost all measures studied by the World Health Organization, a history of genital mutilation put both mother and baby at risk. Mothers who had had the procedure had longer hospital stays, experienced more blood loss and were more likely to need a Caesarean section. Babies were nearly twice as likely to require resuscitation.

Worse still, the researchers noted, the study almost certainly underestimates the potential for death and damage, since it only included women who delivered their babies in hospitals.

Many women in the African nations where genital mutilation is practiced deliver their babies at home, where medical complications like severe bleeding cannot be treated and an ailing newborn cannot be resuscitated.

Although the exact reason for the rise in mortality was not clear, the researchers noted that it made anatomical sense: Genital mutilation results in severe scarring of the vagina and surrounding area, so it might make it more difficult for babies to emerge.

In the study countries, rates of genital mutilation ranged from a high of 83 percent, in Sudan, to a low of about 40 percent, in Ghana. One country involved in the study, Senegal, outlawed the more extensive form of the procedure in 1998.

And many doctors expressed hope that the new medical evidence would push others to follow.

Wrote Eke and Nkanginierne: "There is hope that female genital mutilation will face the fate of past cultural rituals such as the rejection of twins, the African slave trade, Chinese foot- binding and Victorian chastity belts."

The first large medical study of female genital mutilation has found that the procedure has deadly consequences when a woman gives birth, raising by more than 50 percent the likelihood that the woman or her baby would die.

Rates of serious medical complications surrounding childbirth, such as bleeding, also rose dramatically in women who had undergone genital cutting, according to the research published Friday in the British medical journal Lancet.

"Reliable evidence about its harmful effects, especially on reproduction, should contribute to the abandonment of the practice," write the study's authors, all members of the World Health Organization Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetrical Outcome.

While women's groups and human rights organizations have long campaigned against genital mutilation as a rights issue, the study provides the first conclusive medical evidence of long-term physical harm, taking the debate further into the public health arena.

"Finally we have data to prove what health workers have long known: That female genital mutilation is a health issue, a killer of women and children, as well as a human rights issue," said Adrienne Germain, president of the International Women's Health Coalition in New York.

She added: "This should greatly help advocates overcome arguments that genital mutilation is an untouchable cultural practice."

Previous studies to document the long-term medical effects of genital mutilation - also called female circumcision - were far smaller and produced inconsistent or unreliable results, largely because of the logistical difficulties of collecting large amounts of hard data in the poor countries where the practice is traditional.

In a commentary accompanying the study in Lancet, N Eke and K.E.O. Nkanginierne, doctors at the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria, called the study group's report "a landmark."

In a number of African cultures, genital mutilation is part of a coming- of-age ceremony, and defenders have contended that it is a cultural practice, like male circumcision in the Jewish religion, with few, if any, proven long- term health consequences.

With new, concrete evidence of the procedure's deadly aftereffects, Eke and Nkanginierne suggest that genital mutilation "should now be included among critical health indices for less developed countries."

The study was conducted with the help of more than 28,000 women in six African nations from 2001 to 2003. The women were examined to document the degree of genital damage and followed until after they had given birth to children.

More than 100 million women worldwide have undergone genital mutilation, mostly in childhood, often without anesthesia or sterile technique. Pain, bleeding and infection are immediate consequences. Doctors suspect that the procedure is also linked to a later risk of urinary infections.

The procedure varies in severity, from a full excision of the clitoris and labia, to a lesser procedure in which only the former is removed.

In either case, the study found, women who have undergone genital cutting and their babies were more likely to die during childbirth. More extensive genital mutilation procedures produced the highest rates of maternal and infant death during childbirth many years later.

The minor forms of mutilation caused about a 20 percent rise in death rates, while extensive procedures caused rises of over 50 percent.

By almost all measures studied by the World Health Organization, a history of genital mutilation put both mother and baby at risk. Mothers who had had the procedure had longer hospital stays, experienced more blood loss and were more likely to need a Caesarean section. Babies were nearly twice as likely to require resuscitation.

Worse still, the researchers noted, the study almost certainly underestimates the potential for death and damage, since it only included women who delivered their babies in hospitals.

Many women in the African nations where genital mutilation is practiced deliver their babies at home, where medical complications like severe bleeding cannot be treated and an ailing newborn cannot be resuscitated.

Although the exact reason for the rise in mortality was not clear, the researchers noted that it made anatomical sense: Genital mutilation results in severe scarring of the vagina and surrounding area, so it might make it more difficult for babies to emerge.

In the study countries, rates of genital mutilation ranged from a high of 83 percent, in Sudan, to a low of about 40 percent, in Ghana. One country involved in the study, Senegal, outlawed the more extensive form of the procedure in 1998.

And many doctors expressed hope that the new medical evidence would push others to follow.

Wrote Eke and Nkanginierne: "There is hope that female genital mutilation will face the fate of past cultural rituals such as the rejection of twins, the African slave trade, Chinese foot- binding and Victorian chastity belts."


--------------------
Republican Values:

1) You can't get married to your spouse who is the same sex as you.
2) You can't have an abortion no matter how much you don't want a child.
3) You can't have a certain plant in your possession or you'll get locked up with a rapist and a murderer.

4) We need a smaller, less-intrusive government.


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Invisibleniteowl
GrandPaw
Male User Gallery

Registered: 07/01/03
Posts: 16,291
Loc: Flag
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Diploid]
    #5714097 - 06/05/06 07:12 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

I understand that brutal circumcisions are wrong.

If they were done under anesthesia, with a MD there to properly remove the woman's clit.

Would that be OK, if the parents want it, and were willing to pay for it?


--------------------
Live for the moment you are in now
Don't be bogged down by your past
Don't be afraid of what lies in your future


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InvisibleVeritas
 User Gallery
Registered: 04/15/05
Posts: 11,089
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: niteowl]
    #5714307 - 06/05/06 09:46 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Yeah, it would be just as OK as parents paying an MD to cut off the head of their infant son's penis, ensuring that he would experience almost no sexual pleasure for the rest of his life.  :thumbup:

Female circumcision and male circumcision are not equivalent.  Removing the foreskin results in reduced sensitivity of the glans, whereas removing the clitoris (and often the inner and outer lips of the vulva), and then stitching up the entire genital area except for a tiny hole for urine and menstrual fluid, results in a lifetime of pain, frequent infections, and near-elimination of the woman's ability to experience sexual pleasure.

This is child abuse and mutilation, whether an MD performs the surgery or not.


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InvisibleSilversoul
Rhizome
Male User Gallery

Registered: 01/01/05
Posts: 23,576
Loc: The Barricades
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Veritas]
    #5714309 - 06/05/06 09:47 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

Veritas said:
ensuring that he would experience almost no sexual pleasure for the rest of his life.  :thumbup:



False


--------------------


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InvisibleVeritas
 User Gallery
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Posts: 11,089
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Silversoul]
    #5714327 - 06/05/06 09:53 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

It is false that a man would experience almost no sexual pleasure without the head of his penis? Most of the nerve endings are concentrated in the glans, frenulum and prepuce (foreskin), so his penis would not be very erogenous after such an operation. Are you referring to stimulation of the prostate?


Edited by Veritas (06/05/06 10:01 AM)


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OfflineBaby_Hitler
Errorist
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Registered: 03/06/02
Posts: 27,587
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Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Diploid]
    #5714334 - 06/05/06 09:58 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

This is child abuse. People who support it should be shot in the face IMHO. It's on the same level as assraping a 3 year old.


--------------------
Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ
(•_•)
<) )~  ANTIFA
/ \
\(•_•)
( (>    SUPER
/ \
(•_•)
<) )>    SOLDIERS
  / \


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InvisibleRandalFlagg
Stranger
Registered: 06/15/02
Posts: 15,608
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Veritas]
    #5714339 - 06/05/06 10:02 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

Veritas said:
Are you referring to stimulation of the prostate?




Ewww..


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InvisibleVeritas
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Registered: 04/15/05
Posts: 11,089
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: RandalFlagg]
    #5714341 - 06/05/06 10:05 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Don't knock it 'til you try it, Randal.  :naughty:


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InvisibleRandalFlagg
Stranger
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Posts: 15,608
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Veritas]
    #5714347 - 06/05/06 10:10 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

Veritas said:
Don't knock it 'til you try it, Randal.  :naughty:




Well....I guess I'd let you do it to me.  But, nobody else could even think about it.


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InvisibleVeritas
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Posts: 11,089
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: RandalFlagg]
    #5714349 - 06/05/06 10:11 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

They might be thinking about it RIGHT NOW!!  :rofl:


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InvisibleSilversoul
Rhizome
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Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Veritas]
    #5714382 - 06/05/06 10:32 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

Veritas said:
It is false that a man would experience almost no sexual pleasure without the head of his penis? Most of the nerve endings are concentrated in the glans, frenulum and prepuce (foreskin), so his penis would not be very erogenous after such an operation. Are you referring to stimulation of the prostate?



I'm referring to the fact that I am circumsized, and am perfectly capable of experiencing sexual pleasure.


--------------------


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InvisibleRandalFlagg
Stranger
Registered: 06/15/02
Posts: 15,608
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Silversoul]
    #5714396 - 06/05/06 10:36 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

Silversoul said:
I'm referring to the fact that I am circumsized, and am perfectly capable of experiencing sexual pleasure.




If you ever have sex again.  :smirk:


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InvisibleSilversoul
Rhizome
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Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: RandalFlagg]
    #5714400 - 06/05/06 10:38 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

RandalFlagg said:
Quote:

Silversoul said:
I'm referring to the fact that I am circumsized, and am perfectly capable of experiencing sexual pleasure.




If you ever have sex again.  :smirk:



Another person isn't necessary to experience sexual pleasure.


--------------------


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InvisibleVeritas
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Posts: 11,089
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Silversoul]
    #5714407 - 06/05/06 10:39 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Yes, but female circumcision and male circumcision are not equivalent.

Quote:

parents paying an MD to cut off the head of their infant son's penis, ensuring that he would experience almost no sexual pleasure for the rest of his life.




Male circumcision removes the foreskin and sometimes the frenulum, but leaves the sensitive glans intact. Removing the entire clitoris (female circumcision) is the equivalent of cutting off the head of the penis.


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InvisibleSilversoul
Rhizome
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Registered: 01/01/05
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Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Veritas]
    #5714414 - 06/05/06 10:42 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

Oh woops, I seem to have read your post wrong. I thought you had just been referring to the removal of the foreskin. Yes, if I had the head of my penis cut off, I would not be a happy camper.


--------------------


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InvisibleVeritas
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Registered: 04/15/05
Posts: 11,089
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Silversoul]
    #5714417 - 06/05/06 10:43 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

There is quite a bit of evidence that male circumcision reduces sexual pleasure, but it certainly does not eliminate it.  :grin:

Neither of my sons has been circumcised--I think it is a barbaric practice.


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InvisibleRandalFlagg
Stranger
Registered: 06/15/02
Posts: 15,608
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Veritas]
    #5714453 - 06/05/06 10:56 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

I definately want my foreskin back.


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InvisibleVeritas
 User Gallery
Registered: 04/15/05
Posts: 11,089
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: RandalFlagg]
    #5714465 - 06/05/06 11:00 AM (17 years, 7 months ago)

:lol: I don't think it would be of much use to you at this point.


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OfflineSirTripAlot
Semper Fidelis
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Registered: 01/11/05
Posts: 7,460
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Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Veritas]
    #5715422 - 06/05/06 03:05 PM (17 years, 7 months ago)

There is no excuse for this shit.


--------------------
“I must not fear.
Fear is the mind-killer.
Fear is the little-death that brings total obliteration.
I will face my fear. I will permit it to pass over me and through me.
And when it has gone past I will turn the inner eye to see its path.
Where the fear has gone there will be nothing. Only I will remain.”


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Invisibledemiu5
humans, lol
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Registered: 08/18/05
Posts: 43,948
Loc: the popcorn stadium Flag
Re: Forced Female Circumcision's Legacy [Re: Diploid]
    #5715621 - 06/05/06 03:49 PM (17 years, 7 months ago)

I never even knew couples/mothers/whatever had the clitoris etc. removed from their daughters at birth.

What's the point of removal?


--------------------
channel your inner Larry David


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