http://www.nojustice.info/ConsequencesofDivorce.htm Consequences of Divorce
Death of a parent does not correlate with teen suicide, but family instability or disruption is one of the leading causes of suicide. Perceived rejection by a parent, not merely the loss of a parent, is apparently the relevant factor. Consequences of Divorce
Mortality: ? A family structure index - a composite index based on the annual rate of children involved in divorce and the percentage of families with children present that are female-headed - is a strong predictor of suicide among young adult and adolescent white males. (Patricia L. McCall and Kenneth C. Land, "Trends in White Male Adolescent, Young-Adult, and Elderly Suicide: Are There Common Underlying Structural Factors?" Social Science Research 23 (1994): 57-81) ? Among all possible contributing factors, "only divorce rates were consistently associated with suicide and with homicide rates." ( David Lester, "Time-Series Versus Regional Correlates of Rates of Personal Violence," Death Studies (1993): 529-534. Cited on page36 of The Abolition of Marriage, by Maggie Gallagher )) ? Suicide rates for children of divorce are much higher than for children from intact families ( Brian Willats, Breaking Up is Easy To Do, available from Michigan Family Forum, citing Susan Larson and David Larson, M.D., M.S.P.H., "Divorce: A Hazard to Your Health?" Physician, May/June 1990, p. 16, which cites several studies on adolescent suicide) ? Death of a parent does not correlate with teen suicide, but family instability or disruption is one of the leading causes of suicide. Perceived rejection by a parent, not merely the loss of a parent, is apparently the relevant factor. ( Nelson, Farberow and Litman, Youth Suicide in California : A Comparative Study of Perceived Causes and Interventions, 24 COMM. MENTAL HEALTH J. 31-42 (1988); and John S. Wardarski and Pamela Harris, "Adolescent Suicide: A Review of the Influences and Means for Prevention. 32(6) Social Work 477-484 (1977). Cited in "No-Fault Divorce: Proposed Solutions to a National Tragedy," 1993 Journal of Legal Studies 2, page 18) ? Upon surveying 752 families at random, the researchers divided the children into those who had never attempted suicide and those who had done so at least once. The two groups, they found, differed little in age, family income, race, and religion. But those who attempted suicide were more likely to live in non-intact family settings than were the nonattempters. More than half of the attempters lived in households with no more than one biological parent, whereas only about a third of the nonattempters lived in such a setting ( Carmen Noevi Velez and Patricia Cohen, "Suicidal Behavior and Ideation in a Community Sample of Children: Maternal and Youth Reports," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 273 [1988]: 349-356. Cited in Amneus, The Garbage Generation, page 239) ? In England and Wales during 2000, the sudden infant death rate for babies jointly registered by unmarried parents living at different addresses was over three times greater than for babies born to a married mother and father. Where the birth was registered in the sole name of the mother, the rate of sudden infant death was seven times greater than for those born within marriage (1.27 per 1,000 live births as compared with 0.18) (Mortality Statistics: Childhood, Infant and Perinatal, Review of the Registrar General on Deaths in England and Wales , 2000, Series DH3 33, Office for National Statistics (2002)) ? A Swedish study found that children of singleparent families were 30% more likely to die over the 16-year study period. After controlling for poverty, children from single-parent families were: 70% more likely to have circulatory problems, 56% more likely to show signs of mental illness, 27% more likely to report chronic aches and pains, and 26% more likely to rate their health as poor (Lundbert, O. (1993), ?The impact of childhood living conditions on illness and mortality in adulthood?, Social Science and Medicine 36, pp. 1047?52) ? Divorced men aged 20 to 60 have 70%?100% higher rates of death than married (Mortality Statistics: General, Review of the Registrar General on Deaths in England and Wales , 1999, Series DH1 32, Office for National Statistics, 2001. Criminality: ? Children aged 11 to 16 years were 25% more likely to have offended in the last year if they lived in lone-parent families (Youth Survey 2001: Research Study Conducted for the Youth Justice Board (U.K.) January?March 2001, p. 9) ? A young female offender in a focus group: ??where I used to live?it?s like a rough, nasty area and you just see mums with six children, three kids, their boyfriend, not a dad. Kids grow up and they grudge other families?? ( Lyon, Dennison and Wilson (2000), ?Tell Them So They Listen?: Messages from Young People in Custody, p. 10) ? Although 20% of all dependent children live in lone-parent families, 70% of young offenders identified by Youth Offending Teams come from lone-parent families (Review 2001/2002: Building on Success, Youth Justice Board (U.K.) London: The Stationery Office (July 2002)) ? American studies have shown that boys from one-parent homes were twice as likely as those from two-birth-parent families to be incarcerated by the time they reached their early 30s (Harper, C. and McLanahan, S. (August 1998), ?Father absence and youth incarceration?, San Francisco: paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association) Child Abuse and Neglect: ? According to data from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), young people are five times more likely to have experienced physical abuse and emotional maltreatment if they grew up in a lone-parent family, compared with children in two-birth-parent families (Cawson, P. (2002), Child Maltreatment in the Family, London: NSPCC) ? All studies of child-abuse victims which look at family type identify the step-family as representing the highest risk to children (Strang, H. (1996), ?Children as victims of homicide?, Trends and Issues in Criminal Justice 53, Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology) ? the risk of fatal abuse in a step-family being 100 times higher than in two biological- parent families (Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (1988), Homicide, New York: Aldine de Gruyter) ? Analysis of 35 cases of fatal abuse which were the subject of public inquiries between 1968 and 1987 showed a risk for children living with their mother and an unrelated man which was over 70 times higher than it would have been for a child with two married biological parents (Whelan, R. (1994), Broken Homes and Battered Children, Oxford: Family Education Trust) ? After controlling for low incomes, children growing up with never-married lone mothers are especially disadvantaged according to standard scales of deprivation (Gaulthier, A. H. (1999), ?Inequalities in children?s environment: The case of Britain?, Childhood 6 (2), pp. 243?260) ? After controlling for other demographic factors, children in lone-parent households are still 2.8 times as likely to forego family outings. (Cockett and Tripp (1994), The Exeter Family Study: Family Breakdown and Its Impact on Children, p. 31) Health: Lesa Wolf (Calgary Counselling Centre, Children?s Program) measured depression in the youth coming to the centre for medical treatment. She found that 62% of children from divorced families had clinical levels of depression. Only 18% of children from intact families were diagnosed as clinically being depressed
After controlling for other demographic factors, children in lone-parent households are
? twice as likely to have a mental health problem as those from intact two-parent families (Meltzer, H., et al. (2000), Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Great Britain , London : The Stationery Office) ? 1.8 times as likely to have psychosomatic health symptoms and illness such as pains, headaches, stomach aches, and feeling sick (Cockett and Tripp (1994), The Exeter Family Study: Family Breakdown and Its Impact on Children, p. 21) Behavioural Problems: In a population of young adults, divorced men and women were twice as likely to increase their drinking compared to those who remained married. In this case, there was virtually no selection effect. In other words, heavy drinking did not lead to divorce. Rather, divorce led to heavy drinking. ( Power, C., Rodgers, B., and Hope, S. (1999), ?Heavy alcohol consumption and marital status: disentangling the relationship in a national study of young adults?, Addiction 94 (10), pp. 1477?1487)
Boys from lone-parent households are more likely to show hostility to adults and other children, and be destructive of belongings (Whitehead, L. (1979), ?Sex differences in children?s responses to family stress: A re-evaluation? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 20, pp. 247?254); 2.5 times as likely to be sometimes or often unhappy. They are 3.3 times as likely to score poorly on measures of self-esteem (Cockett and Tripp (1994), T he Exeter Family Study: Family Breakdown and Its Impact on Children, p. 19)
After controlling for other demographic factors, children from lone-parent households are
? 3.3 times more likely to report problems with their academic work, and 50% more likely to report difficulties with teachers (Cockett and Tripp (1994), The Exeter Family Study: Family Breakdown and Its Impact on Children, pp 24?25); ? A major longitudinal study of 1,400 American families found that 20%?25% of children of divorce showed lasting signs of depression, impulsivity (risk-taking), irresponsibility, or antisocial behaviour compared with 10% of children in intact two-parent families (Hetherington, M. (2002), For Better or Worse: Divorce Reconsidered, New York: W. W. Norton) ? three times as likely to report problems with friendships (Cockett and Tripp (1994), The Exeter Family Study: Family Breakdown and Its Impact on Children, p. 27) ? more likely to have behaviour problems or engage in antisocial behaviour (Ferri, E. (1984), Step Children: A National Study, Windsor: NFER-Nelson; and Wadsworth, Burnell, Taylor and Butler (1985) ?The influence of family type on children?s behaviour and development at five years?, pp. 245?254) ? twice as likely to run away from home as those from two-birth-parent families (Rees, G. and Rutherford, C. (2001), Home Run: Families and Young Runaways, London: The Children?s Society) ? three times more likely than those in two-parent families to be excluded from school (Youth Survey 2001: Research Study Conducted for the Youth Justice Board (U.K.) January?March 2001, p. 7) ? Sixteen-year-olds from lone-parent households are twice as likely to leave school with no qualifications as those from intact families (Ely, West, Sweeting and Richards (2000), ?Teenage Family Life, Life chances, lifestyles and health?, pp. 1?30)
-------------------- America's debt problem is a "sign of leadership failure"
We have "reckless fiscal policies"
America has a debt problem and a failure of leadership.
Americans deserve better
Barack Obama
Edited by lonestar2004 (06/29/05 01:02 PM)
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