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OfflineLearyfanS
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Today in psychedelic history (12/07) * 2
    #15478823 - 12/07/11 06:33 AM (12 years, 1 month ago)

  • 1962:  Science Magazine publishes article about an elephant that is administered a 297 MG overdose of LSD titled "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Its Effects on a Male Asiatic Elephant"




Quote:

http://www.sciencemag.org/




Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Its Effects on a Male Asiatic Elephant

(read in full on Erowid)




LSD Related Death of an Elephant
Controversy surrounding the 1962 death of an elephant after an injection of LSD


by Erowid, with thanks to R Stuart and MAPS-Forum

1.2 Aug 16, 2002 (1.0 Aug 5, 2002)


Summary

In 1962, three men at the University of Oklahoma, lead by the idiosyncratic, CIA-collaborator Louis Jolyon "Jolly" West, injected LSD into an elephant for the first time. Their stated intent was to determine if LSD would induce "musth", a naturally occurring condition in which elephants become violent and uncontrollable. After a series of events, the elephant died. There is some controversy and confusion surrounding the cause of death.

Details of the Injection
The 7000-pound bull elephant named Tusko was injected with a huge dose of LSD (297 mg) into one buttock with a dart rifle. Five minutes later, the elephant collapsed and went into convulsions. An excerpt from the original journal article about the experiment:

    "Five minutes after the injection he trumpeted, collapsed, fell heavily onto his right side, defecated, and went into status epilepticus. The limbs on the left side were hyperextended and held stiffly out from the body; the limbs on the right side were drawn up in partial flexion; there were tremors throughout. The eyes were closed and showed a spasm of the orbicularis occuli; the eyeballs were turned sharply to the left, with markedly dilated pupils. The mouth was open, but breathing was extremely labored and stertorous, giving the impression of high respiratory obstruction due to laryngeal spasm. The tongue, which had been bitten, was cyanotic. The picture was that of a tonic left-sided seizure in which, mild clonic movements were present."
    -- West LJ, Pierce CM, Thomas WD. Science, 1962, 1100-1103.

Twenty minutes after the initial injection of LSD, it was decided that chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine) should be administered in an attempt to counter the above reaction. 2800 mg of chlorpromazine hydrochloride was injected into his ear over a period of 11 minutes, and only partially relieved the seizures and respiratory distress. An hour later, in a further attempt to assist the elephant, Dr. West injected Tusko with an unspecified quantity of pentobarbital sodium directly into a vein. The elephant died 1 hour and 40 minutes after the LSD had been given. Dr. West's original article on the experiment can be found at: HofLSD1069. Several newspapers covered the story, one of which is available as HofLSD1069a. A german-language editorial mentions it at Hofmann Collection LSD1069b.

The Controversy
After the incident, a number of issues were raised which complicated the story written by Jolly West. The issues included the question of whether LSD was the cause of the fatality, whether Jolly West acted irresponsibly and unscientifically, whether the Thorazine (chlorpromazine) was more likely to be the direct cause of death, whether there were any additional drugs administered which were not reported in the article, and whether Jolly West may have had ulterior motives in his work because of his interests in the potential mind-control and warfare uses of LSD.

The primary question is whether it is reasonable to extrapolate anything about LSD's lethality on the basis of this experiment. Controversy centers on whether a fatal mistake in scaling was made when calculating the elephant's LSD dose, or whether the elephant died from the massive amounts of thorazine and barbiturate that were injected into his ear in an attempt to counteract the effects of the LSD overdose.

The LSD dose given to Tusko was unwisely chosen based on the assumption that elephants would be resistant to LSD's effects. West wrote "we considered that the elephant possessed substantial resistance to neurotropic agents and predicted that we were unlikely to see much reaction with this dosage of LSD." Dr West was making the novice error of giving a drug to a new species of animal for the first time and trying to make that first time an extremely high dose experience for the animal. Whether the LSD killed Tusko or not, the dose selection was poorly considered.

If a human model had been used to determine the dose of LSD for the elephant, the dose would be in the neighborhood of 0.003 mg/kg. For a 60 - 100 kg human, doses of .2 mg (200 micrograms) is enough to cause substantial clinical effects. Based on this, the calculated dose for an elephant of Tusko's size (3000 kg) would be about 9 mg of LSD. West et al.'s choice to inject Tusko with 297 mg was more than 30 times the effective oral dose for a human of Tusko's weight. If the dosage had been chosen by metabolic rate, the amount would have been around 3.9 mg and if based on brain size (elephants have brains about 3 times the size of human brains) only .64 mg. (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1972) Interspecies scaling of dosages can be extremely complicated and variations in enzymes and metabolism can completely invalidate any type of calculated scaling. For more information about this, see Entomology.unl.edu, Plummer Lectures on Dose Scaling (including a mention of Tusko's death), Body Size as Determinant of Physiological Function (search for elephant).

It is certainly telling that the 'researchers' were willing to risk an extremely valuable zoo animal with their clearly irresponsible calculations. The times were certainly different then.

Albert Hofmann wrote, in Chapter 2 of "LSD My Problem Child",

    "The weight of this animal was determined to be 5,000 kg [inconsistent with the weight published in the original paper], which corresponds to a lethal dose of 0.06 mg/kg. Because this involves only a single case, this value cannot be generalized, but we can at least deduce from it that the largest land animal reacts proportionally very sensitively to LSD, since the lethal dose in elephants must be some 1,000 times lower than in the mouse. Most animals die from a lethal dose of LSD by respiratory arrest."
    -- From http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child2.htm.

Because this mention of the incident is by the respected discoverer of LSD, it is often taken as one of the more definitive comments on the subject. However, because Dr Hofmann does not mention that other drugs were administered or any of the controversy surrounding the incident, it seems inappropriate to deduce that elephants are "proportionally very sensitive to LSD" since the LSD may not have been the direct cause of the death.

Another piece of data which seems to make it less likely that LSD was the cause of the death is an experiment conducted by Ron Siegel in which he reports repeating the experiment. Unfortunately we have been unable to find the original paper, but the abstract can be viewed here. In a conversation described by Rick Doblin of MAPS:

    "[Ron Siegel and I] had an excellent and wide ranging discussion today (Sun, 2/20/00) He said that he did indeed administer the same amount of LSD in mg/kg to another elephant. He had to sign an agreement that he was willing to replace the elephant if it should die. The elephant did not die. This study was reported in: Siegel R. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1984 Vol 22#1 page 53-56. (View Abstract) There is an article in the same issue, pages 49-52, about Siegel's administration of alcohol to an elephant.

    According to Ron, he had done pilot studies and wasn't worried that the elephant would die from the LSD and that he would actually need to pay the costs of obtaining another one."
    - Email to MAPS Forum, 2/22/2000


There is widespready speculation that it was the Thorazine (chlorpromazine) which directly killed Tusko. Making the same error in dose calculation that he did with the LSD, Dr West is said to have adminitered a huge dose of chlorpromazine to the elephant, although the amount is not documented in the paper. Richard Mesco wrote to the MAPS-Forum:

    "As for most major tranquilizers, a well known side-effect of thorazine is orthostatic hypotension. This represents the body's inability to mount a sufficient blood pressure when standing upright to adequately perfuse the brain, and possibly even the heart. When this happens, the blood pressure drops precipitously and the person or animal may experience a syncopal episode (sudden loss of consciousness accompanied by a fall to the ground), and a cardiac tachyarrhythmia (rapid heart beat). In any case there occurs what is termed 'hemodynamic compromise.'"
    MAPS-Forum, 2/22/2000


Another curious rumour is that Jolly injected the elephant with amphetamine in addition to the other drugs, but did not include this in the notes from the experiment. This rumour is repeated by a student newspaper from Oklahoma University (the campus where the experiment took place), which blames the elephant's death on the "unspecified quantity of amphetamine" that Dr. West injected into it after it fell into a catatonic state. Unfortunately they provide no reference, source, or author for this important piece of data and the article's credibility is compromised by the fact that it references the book Acid Dreams as a reference for the story (Acid Dreams has only a very short mention of the experiment):

    "Did You Know...?

    In the 1950s, the University of Oklahoma conducted research with psychedelic drugs on behalf of the CIA's MK-ULTRA "mind-control" program. Doctor Louis Jolyon ("Jolly") West, then chairman of the psychiatry department, led these efforts. One of their noble experiments involved injecting a male elephant with a large dose of LSD (300,000 micrograms--a heavy human dose would be 300 micrograms) in an effort to recreate the rut madness that male elephants periodically experience. Unfortunately, the dose was calculated on the basis of the animal's body weight, and not its brain weight (which would have been the correct method). The elephant promptly fell into a catatonic state. Doctor West attempted to reverse this by administering an injection of an unspecified quantity of amphetamine--with the result that the poor animal's heart exploded. OU Pride! (For more information consult Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain.)" -- From December 11, 2001 issue of "The Undercurrent," http://www.ou.edu/student/ucurrent/archives/volVno6/articles/LSDAtOK.html

More About Jolly West
The bizarre story becomes especially strange when the rumours of Jolly's own use of LSD during the experiment and his involvement with the CIA are considered. There are a number of references which tie Dr. West to the MK-Ultra mind-control projects of the 1950s and which suggest he continued to work through the 1960s in highly questionable pursuits, but we have been unable to find solid documentation for any of this. The book Acid Dreams mentions West and his involvement in CIA-projects, but it doesn't provide much specific detail.

Unfortunately one of the most widely quoted sources on the topic of Jolly West's ties to the CIA mind control program is the Church of Scientology, which had been targeted by West in his "anti-cult" work. The CoS is not known to be a reliable source of information and cannot be taken seriously as a primary source without a great deal of scepticism, but the following is included for the sake of completeness.

The Church of Scientology published an article that calls into question the reputation of Dr. West, who administered the dose to Tusko. As chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Oklahoma, he was deeply involved in LSD work as part of his research experiments for the CIA. The text of the Church of Scientology article can be found at http://www.freedommag.org/english/la/issue02/page12.htm.

According to the article, West had ingested LSD himself shortly before injecting Tusko, "the prize of the Oklahoma City zoo". He "was evidently still under its influence at the time he sloshed through the beast's entrails, performing an 'autopsy' which he recorded on film. He later issued a report to advance his "discovery" that elephants could be killed with LSD and to promote use of the drug to cull elephant herds in Africa."

Dr. West was also a prominent figure in the research and development of mind control and brainwashing techniques. His career included not only the controversial LSD experiments for the Central Intelligence Agency but also secret studies into behavior modification:

    "In a document released under the Freedom of Information Act, for example, it was revealed that more than four decades ago, the CIA sought to set West up in a clandestine laboratory to perform "mind-control" experiments with hypnosis and LSD. A portion of the experiments with LSD and other drugs in which West was enmeshed at the CIA's behest were exposed in the mid-1970s by the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, chaired by Senator Frank Church."
    -- From Church of Scientology

Dr West used the story of him killing the elephant to ingratiate him to members of the LSD-using subculture. In the early 1990s, West spoke at a DEA-sponsored LSD conference at the Mark Hopkins Hotel in San Francsisco. At this lecture, West said "Back in the sixties, I wore a crew cut. I didn't even have my beard yet, but I was already quite elephantine myself [he chortled while patting his large belly]. The hippies loved me, even though I had a crew cut. They loved me and trusted me after I told them that I was 'the elephant killer' - the famous guy who had killed an elephant with LSD." He showed photos of himself, standing with unkempt artists. He characterized the commune dwellers as having reverted to subsistence gardening because they were too brain damaged from LSD to participate in industrial life. He posed in one slide next to a skinny long-haired artist, proudly standing alongside an abstract psychedelic painting, and West gave commentary to the audience of law enforcement agents that the painting obviously showed the mental deterioration of the acidhead artist. (From an unpublished article by H Goldberg and several personal accounts of having spoken with him.)

If you know of other books, articles, or resources which have information about this incident, please let us know.


Additional Resources Mentioning This Event

"Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD" by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, pg 22.
Includes a brief account of the elephant's death, but is not a primary source and provides few details. [Erowid Library Entry].

    "In another experiment Dr. Louis Jolyon ("Jolly") West, Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Oklahoma, injected an elephant with a massive dose of 300,000 micrograms. Dr. West, a CIA contract employee and an avid believer in the notion that hallucinogens were psychotomimetic agents, was trying to duplicate the periodic "rut" madness that overtakes male elephants for about one week each year. But the animal did not experience a model elephant psychosis, it just keeled over and remained in a motionless stupor. In attempting to revive the elephant, West administered a combination of drugs that ended up killing the poor beast."


CultBuster.com - Jolly West doing CIA mind-control experiments

    "While West today purports to be repulsed by the "mind control" and "brainwashing" supposedly practiced by some of the new religions ("cults"), in the 1950s and '60s he was involved, through the CIA-funded Geschickter Fund for Medical Research, in experiments employing LSD as a means of mind control. During these experiments the CIA used ethnic and racial minorities as human guinea pigs. At the Lexington, Kentucky federal prison, for example, African Americans were singled out and used as test subjects for various mind control experiments (Citizens Commission on Human Rights, 1985)."


Other Unsubstantiated / Undocumented Rumours

The dart hit the elephant in the neck, not the buttocks, and the LSD went directly into its jugular vein. Status: no known documentation says this and it contradicts the available documentation.
Elephant was surplus and the zoo was looking to get rid of it. Status: Hard to know how to document this, if true. Tusko was called "the pride of the zoo" in some articles discussing it at the time.


(http://www.erowid.org/)









  • 2008:  Dr. Albert Kurland dies




Quote:

Dr. Albert Kurland
Distinguished research psychiatrist studied LSD therapy.
December 09, 2008|By Frederick N. Rasmussen | Frederick N. Rasmussen,fred.rasmussen@baltsun.com

Dr. Albert A. Kurland, a distinguished research psychiatrist, a former director of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center at Spring Grove State Hospital and an advocate of LSD therapy, died Sunday [December 7, 2008]of cardiac failure at North Oaks retirement community. He was 94.

A decade later, Dr. Kurland reported that lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, was effective in treating alcoholism with "careful and controlled use of LSD in combination with intensive psychotherapy."

From 1963 to 1976, Dr. Kurland led exploratory studies using LSD at Spring Grove, concluding them later at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.

"He was the world's expert on LSD. He had the idea that it could be used in helping those addicted to alcohol and drugs," said Dr. Irving J. Taylor, a longtime friend and colleague, who in 1939 founded Taylor Manor Hospital, which since 2002 has been Sheppard Pratt at Ellicott City.

"He had used LSD in these cases and found that it gave patients a better quality of life and that it really made a difference in some patients," said Dr. Taylor, who is now retired.

"LSD has two images. The predominant public one is of an evil arising from the tragic consequences of casual use. The little-known one comes from its experimental uses as a therapeutic agent in medicine and specifically psychiatry," Dr. Kurland wrote in a 1979 op-ed article in The Sun. "As yet, however, despite the promise that LSD's unique and dramatic effects have held out, experiments seeking to use the powerful psychological forces of the LSD experience for man's benefit have been engulfed in uncertainty."

Dr. Kurland hoped that future use of LSD and research would lead to "effective therapies that will heal - more quickly and comfortably - the psychic wounds that leave so many people handicapped and alienated," he wrote.

After retiring from the state in the early 1980s, Dr. Kurland joined the staff at Taylor Manor, where worked as a researcher until retiring again in 2002.

"He was a mild-mannered person who had a wonderful, dry sense of humor," Dr. Taylor recalled. "Because he was always excellent when it came to dealing with patients with whom he was very empathetic, they felt comfortable with him."

Substance abuse issues still fascinated Dr. Kurland, who was working on a book at his death, LSD: An Investigational Odyssey.

Dr. Kurland, a longtime resident of the Elmont Condominium on Park Heights Avenue before moving to North Oaks in 2004, was an avid theatergoer and enjoyed attending concerts of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra.

He was a member of Temple Oheb Shalom.

Services were yesterday.


(http://articles.baltimoresun.com)




The Spring Grove Experiment is a series of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) studies performed from 1963 to 1976 on patients with psychotic illnesses at the Spring Grove Clinic in Catonsville, Maryland. These patients were sponsored by a federal agency called the National Institute of Mental Health to be part of the first study conducted on the effects of psychedelic drugs on schizophrenics. Then, the Spring Grove Experiments were adapted to study the effect of LSD and psychotherapy on patients including alcoholics, heroin addicts, neurotics, and terminally-ill cancer patients. The research done was largely conducted by the members of the Research Unit of Spring Grove State Hospital. Significant contributors to the experiments included Walter Pahnke, Albert Kurland, Gloria, Sanford Unger, Eric Kast, Richard Yensen, Stanislav Grof and Oliver Lee McCabe. Later, Spring Grove was rebuilt into the Maryland Psychiatric Center, where studies continued to be performed for the advancement of psychiatric research. This study on LSD is the largest study on psychedelic drugs to date.

Psychedelic research at Spring Grove

Experiments at Spring Grove Clinic began in the 1950s at the Spring Grove State Hospital, however the first official Spring Grove Experiment began in 1963. Many of the patients who took part in these experiments federally funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) were admitted against their own wishes. Over the course of the experiments, over 700 people were treated with LSD; however, no more than six to eight patients were treated at a time.

Preliminary experiments

The first psychedelic experiment at the Spring Grove clinic took place in 1955. A small team of researchers including Robert Kurland, Louis S. Cholden, and Charles Savage set out to analyze the reaction resulting from the administration of LSD to chronic schizophrenic patients. In an attempt to conduct this study with scientific proof, the researchers administered LSD using a double blind procedure. By the end of the first study, the researchers determined that it was not possible to administer LSD using a double blind, because it was obvious to the researchers who had been given LSD. It was, however, found that LSD was unique in its effects on consciousness and unlike other drugs, resulted in rapid tolerance in patients. They determined the effects of LSD to include intense hallucinations and illusions. This work established the foundation for future experiments.

The Spring Grove Experiment: alcoholism and LSD

In 1963, after observing the initial effects of LSD, the first official experiment included in the “Spring Grove Experiment” series began. This experiment was performed on 69 alcoholic patients. Enthusiastic and hopeful about the possible results of LSD treatment, a team of researchers under Dr. Albert Kurland, Director of Research at State of Maryland Department of Mental Hygiene at the time, Dr. Charles Savage, Director of Research at Spring Grove Hospital, Dr. Shaffer, and Dr. Sanford Unger performed experiments to test LSD with psychotherapy as treatment for alcoholic patients. This work was backed by the State Hospital Alcoholic Rehabilitation Unit. The findings of this experiment were published four years later in 1967.

According to the experimenters themselves, the rationale for using psychedelics to treat alcoholic patients is in the “clinical picture” presented in the features of alcoholic patients. Various personality types such as “neurotic, psychopathic, and schizoid” were thought to have a vulnerability that led to their addiction to alcohol. These individuals were perceived as having a weakened ability to “handle psychological stress, tensions, and frustrations.” They also believed that LSD would allow psychiatrists to open memories and emotions to restore and alter the brain and mind, but only under certain conditions.

The Spring Grove experiment was conducted in Cottage 13, a building on the Spring Grove State Hospital grounds. The environment in Cottage 13 was constructed so that it emitted a positive and optimistic atmosphere to ensure that the patients did not have a negative experience while taking the LSD treatment. Even the sounds, smells, and objects in Cottage 13 were carefully conditioned. Before treatment, the patients were screened after mental breakdowns to determine if they were eligible for LSD treatment. Then they were given a microscopic dose of LSD in Cottage 13. During the 14-hour treatment, the patients underwent psychotherapy so that psychiatrists could attempt to identify underlying conflicts. In addition to the psychotherapy, patients also underwent psychiatric tests so that researchers could determine other effects of LSD, such as changes in IQ scores.

Those who obsered the experiments in Cottage 13 encouraged the continuation of it. One such individual was Dr. John Buckman, who claimed that "the treatment procedure seemed to be returning the patients to the human race."

The results show that no patients were harmed. After six months, 33% of patients remained abstinent after LSD treatment, as opposed to the previous statistic of 12% under conventional therapy.

In 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) television network produced a documentary called “LSD: The Spring Grove Experiment.” LSD experimentation on the patients of Spring Grove became a part of the growing conversation on drugs. The success of this documentary led to an insurgence of federal funding that would go into building a new research center in 1969, called the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.


(https://en.wikipedia.org)

















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Mp3 of the month:  The Apple-Glass Cyndrome - Someday



Edited by Learyfan (12/06/20 08:46 AM)


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OfflineLearyfanS
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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #17348449 - 12/07/12 05:41 AM (11 years, 1 month ago)

By my calculations, it's been 50 years since this article was published. 

















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Mp3 of the month:  The Apple-Glass Cyndrome - Someday



Edited by Learyfan (12/07/13 11:39 AM)


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OfflineLearyfanS
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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 2
    #19240458 - 12/07/13 11:31 AM (10 years, 1 month ago)

No, 51.  Sorry.





Quote:

Tusko Elephant

Tusko was an elephant who lived in a zoo in Oklahoma City. In 1962, a group of researchers decided to see how an elephant would react to LSD. Now elephants are around 90 tunes bigger than humans; instead the researchers gave the poor elephant 3,000 times the dose.

The idea was to induce the elephant into a proboscine rage (yes, proboscine is the general adjective relating to elephants). Unfortunately, instead of being angry, Tusko collapsed and died an hour later. The researchers initially blamed the LSD, but to revive him they gave him a load of antipsychotics. This is what likely killed the poor thing.


(http://www.projectknow.com/)














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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #20941116 - 12/07/14 08:20 AM (9 years, 1 month ago)

My bad.  52 actually.

















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Mp3 of the month:  The Apple-Glass Cyndrome - Someday



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OfflineLearyfanS
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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #22624645 - 12/07/15 05:34 AM (8 years, 1 month ago)

Oops, I mean 53.















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Mp3 of the month:  The Apple-Glass Cyndrome - Someday



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OfflineLearyfanS
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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #23903223 - 12/07/16 12:40 PM (7 years, 1 month ago)

Wait, no it's 54 I believe.














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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #24831298 - 12/07/17 05:36 AM (6 years, 1 month ago)

Pardon me, it's actually the 55th anniversary of that elephant article. 











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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #25663163 - 12/07/18 05:36 AM (5 years, 1 month ago)

10th anniversary of Albert Kurland's death today.












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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #26366536 - 12/07/19 09:14 AM (4 years, 1 month ago)

Please accept my apologies.  I mean it's the 57th anniversary of that elephant article.











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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #27076538 - 12/07/20 04:09 AM (3 years, 1 month ago)

Actually 58th. My bad.








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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 2
    #27571988 - 12/07/21 12:18 AM (2 years, 1 month ago)

I actually meant to say 59th.









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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 1
    #28086935 - 12/07/22 04:07 AM (1 year, 1 month ago)

60th anniversary of Science Magazine's "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Its Effects on a Male Asiatic Elephant" article today.








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Re: Today in psychedelic history (12/07) [Re: Learyfan] * 2
    #28572361 - 12/07/23 04:06 AM (1 month, 21 days ago)

15th anniversary of the death of Albert Kurland.









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