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Alan Rockefeller
Mycologist
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New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group 6
#26638594 - 04/30/20 09:11 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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A new paper just came out on the Gymnopilus junonius group in North America, focusing on the northeastern species. It's very good, and goes a long way towards answering several pressing questions that have been open for a long time. It's conclusions are supported by high quality microscopy and ITS+LSU DNA sequences.
One striking finding is that Gymnopilus junonius does not occur in North America, and is not psychoactive. It occurs in Europe, Australia and South America, solving the mystery of why European big laughing gyms consistently fail to cause laughter.
The mushrooms we have been calling Gymnopilus junonius in eastern North America fall into four species - the previously described Gymnopilus subspectabilis and G. luteus, and the newly named Gymnopilus voitkii and Gymnopilus speciosissimus. Only G. speciosissimus is mentioned as staining green in the paper, but some or all of the others definitely also contain psilocybin. The species can be difficult to tell apart macroscopically, but are easy to separate with a microscope or via DNA sequencing.
Gymnopilus luteus was the first North American species in this group to be named, described from New York in 1898. The easiest way to separate it from the others is the presence of a strong anise odor in the gills, large size, light yellow color and its habit of fruiting in small clusters or solitary on hardwood. It stains green and is relatively potent, for a Gymnopilus.
The next North American member of the Gymnopilus junonius complex to be named is Gymnopilus subspectabilis, described from Michigan in 1969. It is much smaller than G. luteus but otherwise macroscopically similar and also fruits on hardwoods. It has a strong mushroom odor, but not of anise.
Gymnopilus voitkii is described from New Brunswick, growing at the base of Abies balsamea. It is named after Dr. Andrus Voitk, who studies mushrooms in Labrador and Newfoundland, where this species is common. This species differs from the others by it's growth on conifer wood and is very large and very orange in color with a well defined annulus. Gymnopilus speciosissimus is also described here, from a collection from Montreal, Quebec. It's name is Latin for “the most splendid or remarkable”. It is differentiated from other large Gymnopilus species by its robust fruiting bodies growing in cespitose clusters on hardwood, a brownish red cap contrasting with an off-white stipe, occasionally with a bluish-green zone below the ring. It is the largest eastern North American Gymnopilus, with a cap up to 35 cm across, stem up to 35 cm long and can be up to 7 cm wide.
Gymnopilus ventricosus is also mentioned, and is a very large western US species which lacks green staining and psychoactive effects. One of the DNA sequences used in their phylogentic tree was generated at the DNA sequencing workshop I taught in Seattle.
Gymnopilus orientispectabilis is also named here, a large, hallucinogenic species from Japan.
Two big questions this paper does not answer are which of these species are hallucinogenic, and how the other species of Gymnopilus fit in with the G. junonius group. If you have collections of Gymnopilus which have been eaten and either do or fail to produce effects, it would be a good idea to study the microscopy and/or DNA sequences to further the state of knowledge about these taxa. The squamulose, red capped Gymnopilus are also particularly interesting for their beautiful coloration and green staining, and are not mentioned here.
https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2020-0006
Full text: https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2020-0006
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oculodextro
Registered: 04/10/13
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Quote:
Gymnopilus ventricosus is also mentioned, and is a very large western US species which lacks green staining and psychoactive effects. One of the DNA sequences used in their phylogentic tree was generated at the DNA sequencing workshop I taught in Seattle.
Are these found in the rocky mountains by any chance?
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Moria841
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: oculodextro]
#26638708 - 04/30/20 10:26 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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Finally!! Thank you for sharing Alan
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Spacetuna
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Moria841]
#26638722 - 04/30/20 10:36 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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This is neat seems I find at least two varieties where I’m at and both are active cool info.
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Moria841
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Spacetuna]
#26638727 - 04/30/20 10:40 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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I presume the ones I keep finding are G. luteus, though they always stain remarkably blue/green and the annulus is not so robust
Edited by Moria841 (04/30/20 10:42 AM)
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Anglerfish
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Moria841]
#26638803 - 04/30/20 11:26 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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Quote:
Moria841 said: Finally!! Thank you for sharing Alan
I concur!
-------------------- ★★★★★
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bloodycarcass
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Anglerfish]
#26638809 - 04/30/20 11:29 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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So the ones I'm finding on pine would be Gymnopilus voitkii?
-------------------- Back at it like a crack addict, with asthmatic lung disease
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FSHuntings
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: bloodycarcass]
#26638861 - 04/30/20 11:50 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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Sweet read! Thanks Alan
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HSapiensAmericanus
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: oculodextro] 1
#26638874 - 04/30/20 11:57 AM (3 years, 10 months ago) |
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Quote:
oculodextro said:
Quote:
Gymnopilus ventricosus is also mentioned, and is a very large western US species which lacks green staining and psychoactive effects. One of the DNA sequences used in their phylogentic tree was generated at the DNA sequencing workshop I taught in Seattle.
Are these found in the rocky mountains by any chance?
Likely, probably pretty uncommon though. Closest observation I found to the western slopes of the Rockies is central Idaho.
I was at that sequencing workshop. Really fascinating stuff. I wish I had brought a more interesting specimen...
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amilibertine
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Very cool Alan. Thanks for always keeping us up to date with the latest taxonomy research!
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Sporespreder
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Good read, I have non active specimens from what I believed to be spectabilis/junonious but maybe is volki, it is more orange also smells like apple cinnamon like luteus, is a little bigger and not active...northeast us
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Doc9151
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Sporespreder]
#26913869 - 09/02/20 02:37 PM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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Quote:
Sporespreder said: Good read, I have non active specimens from what I believed to be spectabilis/junonious but maybe is volki, it is more orange also smells like apple cinnamon like luteus, is a little bigger and not active...northeast us
This could be Gymnopilus sapineus, there's debate whether or not they are active.
-------------------- Psilocybe cubensis data collection thread. please help with this project if you hunt wild cubensis. https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php?Cat=0&Number=26513593&page=0&vc=1#26513593
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Alan Rockefeller
Mycologist
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Doc9151]
#26914230 - 09/02/20 06:11 PM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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Quote:
Sporespreder said: Good read, I have non active specimens from what I believed to be spectabilis/junonious but maybe is volki, it is more orange also smells like apple cinnamon like luteus, is a little bigger and not active...northeast us
All cool, could you send me some for analysis? I am trying to figure out which species are the active ones.
Quote:
Doc9151 said: This could be Gymnopilus sapineus, there's debate whether or not they are active.
What I call Gymnopilus sapineus is a much smaller species.
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Sporespreder
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Sure...message me... not sure how everything works cus I’m new to the group...
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Shroomhunts
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Sporespreder]
#26914559 - 09/02/20 08:58 PM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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Interesting read. Always thought the gyms here were different.
-------------------- You never kno
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teebeekid
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Shroomhunts]
#26916120 - 09/03/20 06:03 PM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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very interesting as I just found my first patch of G. Luteus last week while searching for P. Caerulipes
Upstate NY (ADK)- mixed hardwood conifer forest- near a brook I didn't take any, but I'll keep my eyes peeled for more..All same patch different days....
Edited by teebeekid (09/03/20 06:08 PM)
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Shroomhunts
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: teebeekid]
#26916433 - 09/03/20 09:06 PM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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You should pic em they are at prime ripeness
-------------------- You never kno
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Sporespreder
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: teebeekid]
#26916724 - 09/04/20 02:40 AM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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On Tilia Americana near creeks... in washout areas...have you found caerulipes? Nice find!!
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Doc9151
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Sporespreder] 1
#26916776 - 09/04/20 04:41 AM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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Quote:
Sporespreder said: On Tilia Americana near creeks... in washout areas...have you found caerulipes? Nice find!!
Read this: https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=3&Number=26154772&fpart=&PHPSESSID=
edit: If you are willing to help with research, you should collect, dry and send several specimens for study to Alan or Myself. Any collections I receive will be added to my herbarium and/or sent to Alan Rockefeller for further study. I'm working on getting my own sequencing equipment, but I'm paying for everything so it will be several months to maybe a year before I can reach that goal.
If you know for sure that your collection is an active species, contact Alan Rockefeller, he is trying to straighten out the literature on active vs nonactive Gymnopilus species.
-------------------- Psilocybe cubensis data collection thread. please help with this project if you hunt wild cubensis. https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php?Cat=0&Number=26513593&page=0&vc=1#26513593
Edited by Doc9151 (09/04/20 04:58 AM)
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teebeekid
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Re: New paper on the Gymnopilus junonius group [Re: Shroomhunts]
#26917024 - 09/04/20 09:06 AM (3 years, 6 months ago) |
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Quote:
Shroomhunts said: You should pic em they are at prime ripeness
That patch was from last week, I didn't bring any back with me but come next rain I'll be going back to that same log to check for more.
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