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MycoWill
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Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach
#26895501 - 08/23/20 02:12 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Hello all,
I was hoping to start a thread we could contribute to, to help figure out the best way to extract medicinal compounds from Lion's Mane. I feel like this is necessary due to all the poor information floating around YouTube and other online sources.
So I gave it my first shot this week.
I started with 100 grams of dried fruiting body (about 1000 kg of fresh fruiting body). Dried at 130F to preserve beta glucans (source: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-20612012000400023#:~:text=The%20results%20of%20drying%20at,the%20temperature%20of%20100%20%C2%BAC.)
I ran it through a blender to get a powder and filled the body of my Soxhlet extractor with 50 grams of the powder (as much as I could fit in at a time) and my flask with about 250ml 75% aqueous ethanol (chose a random amount I thought would work). I chose to do the ethanol extraction first to deactivate the innate β‐glucanase enzyme with ethanol treatment to prevent the degradation of β‐G by hydrolysis. source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1750-3841.13765) 
I ran this for about 3 hours (until I noticed each pull of the extractor was getting pretty colorless) and got a dark brown liquid which I put into a bottle and set aside. I then filled the flash with about 300ml or so of water and repeated the process and got a much lighter colored liquid. I repeated both steps with the other 50 grams of dry powder and filled the appropriate bottles with the solution.
I then tried to evaporate the excess water via a double boiler. I filled my round bottom flash with the ethanol extract and suspended that into a pot of boiling water. This took a very long time for a slight reduction of solution so I decided to instead use a teflon frying pan witch worked much quicker. 
I reduced both bottles to about 25ml each and then combined them into one bottle. 
And proceeded to fill to 30ml dropper bottles.

So I started with about 1000 grams of fresh fruiting body (100 grams dried fruiting body) and ended with 50ml of extract. I believe this would net me a 2:1 extract if I'm looking at things correctly.
I was hoping to extract Beta 1-3/1-6 Glucans and Hericenones. The water extract was primarily for the beta glucans and the ethanol extract was for the hericenones.
After doing some reading after the extraction I probably would have rather used higher temps during the water extraction. Next time I will use my pressure cooker and run it for 1 hour at 15 PSI (source : https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcc/2016/2189837/) This seems to extract more beta glucans, however giving them a much lower molecular weight (MW) (maybe someone smarter then I can tell me the importance of the lower MW, I tried to google it to no avail)
I am aware that because I reduced the alcohol extract via evaporation my alcohol content will be very low as the ethanol would have been the first to evaporate before the water, and thus my extract will need to be refrigerated and consumed in a timely manner. Next time I would like to evaporate off a bit more so I can reintroduce some ethanol to the solution for its preservation properties. And the extract should be shaken before consumption ensure an even mixture of the suspended components.
Any comments on something I should/could have done differently are very welcome or if you see any flaws in my logic, please feel free to point them out. I couldn't find much science based evidence on the best temperature, duration and ethanol % to extract terpenoids, maybe someone else can add some input here.
Edited by MycoWill (08/23/20 02:17 PM)
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26895619 - 08/23/20 03:37 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Awesome work, you've really put some research and effort into this. That's gotta be a very strong extract there!
I would be concerned as well about the amount of alcohol, unless my mind isn't working right I can't imagine there's any left in there at all, as it would have entirely boiled off and left only the water. You've already addressed the shelf-life issue arising from this, but that's not my concern as much as the solubility of the compounds in it. It was a pretty dark extract, after reduction was it even darker, or was there a lot of "dust" at the bottom of the liquid? Just worried about where they go when there's nothing left for them to be soluble in.
Next time you might start off with 95% ethanol (say 1000ml) and only reduce it to 200ml so you know you'd have 75% ethanol at that point. That way you know for sure you're not losing any of the good stuff that dropped out of solution. Although I'm sure it's not a huge issue, that's just what I'd do.
About the molecular weight thing, I'm not much of a chemist but I think I read once that lower molecular weights are easier to absorb in the body. Could be totally wrong on this...
-------------------- Repugnant is a creature who would squander the ability to lift an eye to heaven, conscious of his fleeting time here. ------------------- Have some medicinal mushrooms and want to get the most out of them? Try this double extraction method.
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MycoWill
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: Forrester]
#26895667 - 08/23/20 04:25 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
Forrester said: Awesome work, you've really put some research and effort into this. That's gotta be a very strong extract there!
I would be concerned as well about the amount of alcohol, unless my mind isn't working right I can't imagine there's any left in there at all, as it would have entirely boiled off and left only the water. You've already addressed the shelf-life issue arising from this, but that's not my concern as much as the solubility of the compounds in it. It was a pretty dark extract, after reduction was it even darker, or was there a lot of "dust" at the bottom of the liquid? Just worried about where they go when there's nothing left for them to be soluble in.
Next time you might start off with 95% ethanol (say 1000ml) and only reduce it to 200ml so you know you'd have 75% ethanol at that point. That way you know for sure you're not losing any of the good stuff that dropped out of solution. Although I'm sure it's not a huge issue, that's just what I'd do.
About the molecular weight thing, I'm not much of a chemist but I think I read once that lower molecular weights are easier to absorb in the body. Could be totally wrong on this...
Thanks for the reply.
I was under the assumption that if the alcohol was removed and only water was remaining (or just alot less alcohol) in the solution, the alcohol soluble compounds would precipitate to the bottom. Exactly the same way that polysaccharides (beta glucans in our case) precipitate to the bottom of an ethanol solution. I don't believe that the compounds would evaporate into the air with the ethanol, or water for that matter, because evaporation is a acceptable means of concentration a solution. Just like when a dual extraction is put through a spray dryer, all the alcohol and water are removed and only the dry compounds remain, but they don't get evaporated with the liquid. Or with a rotary evaporator.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26895734 - 08/23/20 05:17 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Oh no I didn't mean to imply that they would get lost into the air in any way, just that some of them are in very small quantities and when precipitated to the bottom, a fair amount could get lost in transfer of containers or just easily consumed in unequal amounts in dosing. Again not a big deal at all just much better if things are in solution.
-------------------- Repugnant is a creature who would squander the ability to lift an eye to heaven, conscious of his fleeting time here. ------------------- Have some medicinal mushrooms and want to get the most out of them? Try this double extraction method.
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MycoWill
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: Forrester]
#26896202 - 08/23/20 11:59 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
Forrester said: Oh no I didn't mean to imply that they would get lost into the air in any way, just that some of them are in very small quantities and when precipitated to the bottom, a fair amount could get lost in transfer of containers or just easily consumed in unequal amounts in dosing. Again not a big deal at all just much better if things are in solution.
Ah, yes I agree 100%. And I was concerned about loss during transfer. I tried to take as much precautions as possible but I think doing larger batches and rinsing with solute after transfer can minimize that. Or like you suggested, using higher abv ethanol to begin with.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26897047 - 08/24/20 12:22 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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I've been reading about this too and the papers I've read suggest that the use of the dried mycelium is best for NGF. This is apparently because erinacine A, which is mainly present in the mycelium has shown to be a more potent NGF than hericones present in the fruiting bodies.
Forrester is right when he mentioned that low weight molecular compounds are more easily absorbed, more specifically they are more easily able to be digested and pass the blood-brain barrier. I am far from a chemist too, but it is mentioned in the papers I read.
Here is a link to a journal entry I made about the approach I plan to follow. At the bottom is a few papers with very good and updated information on the subject. One of these papers does mention low molecular weight compounds and the reason why they are desirable.
https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/26821848
Just for transparency sake I'll post the links to the articles here too incase anyone is interested.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00155 - Prevention of Early Alzheimer’s Disease by Erinacine A-Enriched Hericium erinaceus Mycelia Pilot Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103832 - Hericium erinaceus enhances neurotrophic factors and prevents cochlear cell apoptosis in senescence accelerated mice https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261535600_Erinacine_A_biosynthesis_in_submerged_cultivation_of_Hericium_erinaceum_Quantification_and_improved_cultivation - Erinacine A biosynthesis in submerged cultivation of Hericium erinaceum: Quantification and improved cultivation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.040 - Evaluation of the toxicological safety of erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus in a 28-day oral feeding study in Sprague–Dawley rats https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.009 - Genotoxicity profile of erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus mycelium
Edited by DigitalRhizae (08/24/20 02:17 PM)
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MycoWill
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: DigitalRhizae]
#26899724 - 08/26/20 12:25 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
DigitalRhizae said: I've been reading about this too and the papers I've read suggest that the use of the dried mycelium is best for NGF. This is apparently because erinacine A, which is mainly present in the mycelium has shown to be a more potent NGF than hericones present in the fruiting bodies.
Forrester is right when he mentioned that low weight molecular compounds are more easily absorbed, more specifically they are more easily able to be digested and pass the blood-brain barrier. I am far from a chemist too, but it is mentioned in the papers I read.
Here is a link to a journal entry I made about the approach I plan to follow. At the bottom is a few papers with very good and updated information on the subject. One of these papers does mention low molecular weight compounds and the reason why they are desirable.
https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/26821848
Just for transparency sake I'll post the links to the articles here too incase anyone is interested.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00155 - Prevention of Early Alzheimer’s Disease by Erinacine A-Enriched Hericium erinaceus Mycelia Pilot Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103832 - Hericium erinaceus enhances neurotrophic factors and prevents cochlear cell apoptosis in senescence accelerated mice https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261535600_Erinacine_A_biosynthesis_in_submerged_cultivation_of_Hericium_erinaceum_Quantification_and_improved_cultivation - Erinacine A biosynthesis in submerged cultivation of Hericium erinaceum: Quantification and improved cultivation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.040 - Evaluation of the toxicological safety of erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus in a 28-day oral feeding study in Sprague–Dawley rats https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.009 - Genotoxicity profile of erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus mycelium
Thank you very much for this info. I was aware Erinacine A was more potent then Hericenones for NGF secretion. Although I was under the assumption that it would be cost prohibitive to cultivate enough mycelium in LC to extract enough Erinacine A. But from the readings you provide I may have been wrong about that.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00155/full
In the above study they used 1.75mg of Erinacine A 3x a day (350mg of dried mycelium containing a concentration of 5 mg/g of Erinacine A) for a total of 5.25mg of Erinacine A a day. Please correct me if I interpreted that wrong.
And according to this paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261535600_Erinacine_A_biosynthesis_in_submerged_cultivation_of_Hericium_erinaceum_Quantification_and_improved_cultivation under ideal conditions they were able to cultivate 13.3g/L of mycelium which contained 192±42 mg/L of Erinacine A (1.44% concentration). This would mean it would be possible to cultivate enough mycelium in a liter of LC for 36 doses (at 5.25mg/day) every 8 days.
In your journal, you mention that you believe the Erinacine A does not need to be extracted from the mycelium in order for it to be bio-available. However, in the first study I referenced in this reply, they talk about extracting it with methanol. I believe the chitin in the cell walls of the fruiting body is what gets in the way of the beneficial compounds being bio-available, does the mycelium not have chitin in the cell walls? From what I've read it seems like it does, which would warrant heat to break them down and become bio-available, or extraction of the Erinacine with a solvent.
This study https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjOl_uZnbjrAhUPqJ4KHRCyAygQFjABegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F25838091.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0xQB3VXkLeCVAJfuKlvuD1 outlines the extraction process of Erinacine A. Using just ethanol reflux they were about to get a concentration of 2.4% of Erinacine A to mycelium.
Edited by MycoWill (08/26/20 12:26 AM)
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26899827 - 08/26/20 02:47 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Nearly every book I've read on the subject says your body is able to absorb the medicinal compounds from mushrooms despite the chitin walls.
John Holliday @ Aloha I'm pretty sure has some good sources on this, since he sells all his supplements as powdered mycelium.
-------------------- Repugnant is a creature who would squander the ability to lift an eye to heaven, conscious of his fleeting time here. ------------------- Have some medicinal mushrooms and want to get the most out of them? Try this double extraction method.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: Forrester]
#26900439 - 08/26/20 12:27 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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The first study you posted is the same as the first one on the list I posted. Going from memory I believe you are correct about the dosage. From the studies I recall reading, the suggested dosage of dried powder (mycelium or fruiting bodies) is any where from 1 gram/day to 4 grams/day. The higher dosage being from older studies that used powdered fruiting bodies and the lower dosage being the erinacine A quantified powered mycelium.
The second study does suggest that you can get a fair bit in a short time from liquid culture, but these are under idealized conditions with proper equipment and access to the proper chemicals (casien peptone for example).
I am unsure about chitin reducing the bioavaliabity of the active compounds but I too was under this assumption. About the extraction referenced in the studies, I too was a bit confused about it, but if I understand it correctly the use of methanol (or other solvents) to extract the erinacine A was simply done to quantify/qualify the erinacine A present. The extraction needed to be done in order to perform the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) test. As far as I can understand in the human and rat trials I posted the actual administration was done via diluted mycelium (rat study) and pill form (dried mycelium, human studies). But in some of those papers they show tables of various studies that seem to use extracts, so it's a bit confusing.
I'll have to take the time and read the study you posted. Thanks for posting it.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: DigitalRhizae]
#26901488 - 08/27/20 12:15 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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I did some digging on the chitin digestion issue. Basically we would need an enzyme called chitinase in our gastric juice to break down the chitin so we can digest it. There has been a few studies to evaluate its presence in humans and other mammals. Basically from what I could gather, it's highly variable person to person and most likely has to do with one's genetics and diet. This study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17587796/ Showed 20 of 25 people had the enzyme but in wildly varying amounts. In another study they tested in vitro if the chitinase enzyme present in humans (AMCase) could break down the chitin found in the wings of a fly and it was unsuccessful. I haven't found any evidence that this particular enzyme can break down fungal chitin, and even if that existed, i don't particularly like the idea that some people may hold this enzyme in a high enough concentration for it to work while others may not. I was excited that an extraction of the mycelium would not be necessary, and am still hopeful that someone can bring forward evidence that it is not... If not, into the Soxhlet the mycelium will go.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26901549 - 08/27/20 02:02 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Here's the thing though - we're not trying to digest the chitin.
We're simply trying to dissolve medicinal compounds from the mycelium and assimilate them into our bodies, not the chitin itself.
"But cell walls are made of chitin which we can't digest!" Remember that cell walls are nothing but membranes. Here is a definition of membrane to help us:
Quote:
mem•brane mĕm′brān″ - A semipermeable layer that bounds a cell or an organelle, typically consisting of lipids and proteins.
Membranes are made to pass nutrients and compounds through them or the cells would never be able to feed and survive (or breathe).
So it's like we have a sponge full of water, and saying we can't get the water from it because we can't digest sponge. We don't need to. We simply need to absorb the water.
I'm not a scientist of any sort but multiple mycologists with much more knowledge than I have said this multiple times - that absorbing nutrients from mycelium is not a problem for our human digestive systems at all.
We can't digest cellulose either but we have no problem getting nutrients from plants, do we?
Ethanol does not contain chitinase enzyme - so how does it get the medicinals out?
Also, if chitin stops us from absorbing compounds from mushrooms, why do any of us bother eating or talking about P. cubensis?
Edited by Forrester (08/27/20 02:45 AM)
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: Forrester]
#26902222 - 08/27/20 11:57 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Thats a very good description forrester, it makes alot of sense, thanks for that.
I came to the conclusion that you likely didn't need to extract the compounds from the mycelium based on the studies that showed positive results from ingesting powdered fruiting bodies or mycelium. Not that doing an extract is pointless or any, it does concentrate the medicinal properties, reduces the amount you need to take and makes slightly easier than making and taking pills.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: DigitalRhizae]
#26902795 - 08/27/20 05:45 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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You both raise some very good points, I very much appreciate your responses. Is psilocybin not encapsulated with chitin walls as well? And we know our body has no issue with "extracting" that, converting it to psilocin and getting it into our blood stream where it then makes it way through the blood brain barrier. Basically, exactly what we are hoping Erinacine A would do. One is a tryptamine and the other is a terpene, but would that mean they should respond differently? If not, do polysaccharides behave in the same manner? Or do those need to make there way into our gut and be absorbed there? And if so, can those still pass through the cell walls and do what they need to do?
I have seen a number of studies that use ground up fruiting body/mycelium without extraction with positive results, I guess I just foolishly disregarded that because all I hear from the medicinal mushroom companies is that you need to extract the compounds. Which makes me ask, why do these companies bother spending hundreds out thousands of dollars on expensive extraction equipment and spray dryers just to make a 1:1 extraction? Or for that matter, a 2:1, 4:1, ect? If the medicinal compounds are readily available without extraction, why not just offer the dried mushroom powder vs a spray dried extract? Many companies are offering a 1:1 lions mane powder in which they do a hot water extraction, spray dry the liquid, dry and grind up the fruiting body and add them together. Is there any benefit to this at all? It seems like there would just be a loss of potency/beneficial compounds if our body can "extract" them on its own.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26902831 - 08/27/20 06:15 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
MycoWill said: Which makes me ask, why do these companies bother spending hundreds out thousands of dollars on expensive extraction equipment and spray dryers just to make a 1:1 extraction? Or for that matter, a 2:1, 4:1, ect? If the medicinal compounds are readily available without extraction, why not just offer the dried mushroom powder vs a spray dried extract? Many companies are offering a 1:1 lions mane powder in which they do a hot water extraction, spray dry the liquid, dry and grind up the fruiting body and add them together. Is there any benefit to this at all? It seems like there would just be a loss of potency/beneficial compounds if our body can "extract" them on its own.
It's a good question, the only benefit I can think of is marketing hype, and the fact that myceliated grain has been unjustly vilified due to the simple fact that "it's not the mushroom", and if another product IS the mushroom it must be better. Which as we know isn't really true in most cases (unless we're referring to a specific compound which we know amounts can vary quite a bit in mycelium vs fruiting body). Chaga is a notable exception but it's an outlier...
-------------------- Repugnant is a creature who would squander the ability to lift an eye to heaven, conscious of his fleeting time here. ------------------- Have some medicinal mushrooms and want to get the most out of them? Try this double extraction method.
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: Forrester]
#26904041 - 08/28/20 12:04 PM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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-------------------- Give me Liberty caps -or- give me Death caps
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MycoWill
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: The Blind Ass]
#26905321 - 08/29/20 12:18 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Did some more digging today. Some things of note:
"β-1,3/1,6-Glucan chains are linked by covalent bonds to chitin microfibrils" source: https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/6/1/14/547856
Are we able to break this bond and get beta 1,3/1,6 glucans into our blood stream?

 Fungal cell walls are permeable. More permeable then what was once thought from older studies. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282776/
"The results of all studies taken together clearly indicate that oral intake of insoluble yeast beta-glucans is safe and has an immune strengthening effect." "Two independent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials showed that daily oral administration of the proprietary insoluble (1,3)-(1,6)-β-glucan, derived from brewers’ yeast, reduced the incidence of common cold episodes during the cold season in otherwise healthy subjects" Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012169/
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26905421 - 08/29/20 03:34 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Also, if I'm reading the text for figure one in that top picture correctly, aren't the beta glucans outside of the chitin layer? It says the mannoproteins are the outermost part of the cell wall, and the beta glucans are between them and the chitin.
-------------------- Repugnant is a creature who would squander the ability to lift an eye to heaven, conscious of his fleeting time here. ------------------- Have some medicinal mushrooms and want to get the most out of them? Try this double extraction method.
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MycoWill
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: Forrester]
#26905654 - 08/29/20 08:23 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
Forrester said: Also, if I'm reading the text for figure one in that top picture correctly, aren't the beta glucans outside of the chitin layer? It says the mannoproteins are the outermost part of the cell wall, and the beta glucans are between them and the chitin.
Yes, that is correct.
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MycoWill
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26907315 - 08/30/20 09:17 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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β-Glucans: An Important Bioactive Molecule of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms (this study touts the beneficial effects of mushroom derived beta-glucans, one interesting comment was that beta glucans are not digested in our gastrointestinal tract, the main argument I'm seeing from pro-extraction companies is that beta-glucans are not bioavailable because chitin is not digestible. This statement I quoted would make that argument moot.)
"The mushroom β-glucans are not digested in human gastrointestinal tract..."
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328939461_b-Glucans_An_Important_Bioactive_Molecule_of_Edible_and_Medicinal_Mushrooms
Significant Correlation between TLR2 Agonist Activity and TNF-α Induction in J774.A1 Macrophage Cells by Different Medicinal Mushroom Products
(this study was referenced by a pro-extraction company as proof extraction is necessary, I've highlighted the sentence I believe gives validity to their point, it's specifically talking about protein-bound polysaccharide-K ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide-K ))
"In addition, the data demonstrated that hot water mushroom extracts are more potent than ground mushroom products in activating TLR2 and inducing TNF-α."
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26559858/
Edited by MycoWill (08/30/20 09:18 AM)
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Re: Lions Mane Extraction - A science based approach [Re: MycoWill]
#26907500 - 08/30/20 10:46 AM (3 years, 5 months ago) |
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Quote:
MycoWill said: "In addition, the data demonstrated that hot water mushroom extracts are more potent than ground mushroom products in activating TLR2 and inducing TNF-α."
Without seeing the number of samples they tested, I'm still a bit skeptical as they just tested different products, which are different strains (and maybe even different species from the sound of it?), and produced in completely different ways across the board.
What I mean is, I would be more inclined to believe a study that used the same strain of the same species, prepared it in the same way, used the same dosage, etc, etc, but did one with hot water extraction and one with ground mycelium.
I didn't read the whole study but it sounds more like they just took a bunch of samples off the shelf from different companies, so their conclusion is interesting, and maybe there's some truth to it, but I dunno...
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