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OfflineBuster_Brown
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Hydraulic Ram Pump Sample Schematics
    #26132238 - 08/12/19 12:43 PM (4 years, 5 months ago)

from https://www.pssurvival.com/PS/Ram_Pumps/Home-made_Hydraulic_RAM_Pump_2011.pdf

Originally linked: www.clemson.edu/extension/publications/files/livestock-forages/Lf13-home-made-hydraulic-ram-pump.pdf but now hosted here:
https://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/homemade-hydraulic-ram-pump-for-livestock-water/

With content by University of Georgia Extension publications #ENG98-002 and #ENG98-003 (both Acrobat "pdf" files) by Frank Henning.

Bryan Smith, Clemson University Cooperative Extension, Laurens County.

Gregory D. Jennings, PhD, PE Extension Specialist Published by: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
Publication Number: EBAE 161-92

The mathematical relationship for pumping flow rate is based upon the flow rate through the drive pipe, the vertical fall from the source through the drive pipe, and the vertical elevation lift from the pump to the point of use.

Equation 1 is used to calculate pumping rate:



E=efficiency of a hydraulic ram pump installation, typically equal to 0.6
S=source flow rate through the drive pipe in gallons per minute (gpm)
L=vertical elevation lift from the pump to the destination in feet
F=vertical fall from the source through the drive pipe in feet.

A hydraulic ram will be used to pump water from a stream with an average flow rate of 20 gpm up to a water tank located 24 feet vertically above the pump. The vertical fall through the drive pipe in the stream to the pump is 4 feet.

Assume a pumping efficiency of 0.6. What is the maximum pumping rate from the hydraulic ram pump?
In this example, E = 0.6, S = 20 gpm, L = 24 feet, and F = 4 feet. The resulting pumping rate, Q, is calculated as:



Table 1 lists maximum pumping rates, Q, for a range of source flow rates, S, and lift to fall ratios, L/F, calculated using Equation 1 with an assumed pumping efficiency, E, of 0.6.

To illustrate the use of Table 1, consider a hydraulic ram system with S = 30 gpm, L = 150 feet, and F = 5 feet. The calculated lift to fall ratio, L/F, is 30. The resulting value of Q is64 gpd, or 0.6 gpm.



Hydraulic ram pumps are sized based upon drive pipe diameter. The size of drive pipe selected depends upon the available source water flow rate. All makes of pumps built for a given size drive pipe use about the same source flow rate. Available sizes range from 3/4-inch to 6-inch diameters, with drive pipe water flow requirements of 2 to 150
gpm. Hydraulic ram pumps typically can pump up to a maximum of 50 gpm (72,000 gpd) with maximum elevation lifts of up to 400 feet.

Approximate characteristics of hydraulic ram pumps for use in selecting pumps are listed in Table 2. The recommended delivery pipe diameter is normally half the drive pipe diameter. For the system described in the example above, the available source water flow rate is 10 gpm. From Table 2, a pump with a 1-inch drive pipe diameter and a 1/2-inch delivery pipe diameter is selected for this system.

Table 2. Hydraulic ram pump sizes and approximate pumping characteristics.
Consult manufacturer's literature for specific pumping characteristics.
-------Pipe Diameter------- ---------------Flow rate--------------
Min. Drive    Min. Discharge  Min. Required Source    Maximum Pumping
-----------inches----------  ---------gpm--------    ------gpd------
3/4                    1/2              2                    1,000
1                      1/2                6                    2,000
1                      1/2-3/4        14                    4,000
2                          1            25                    7,000
2 1/2                      1 1/4      35                    10,000
3                        1 1/2          60                  20,000
6                            3          150                  72,000

Installation
The location of the water source in relation to the desired point of water use determines how the hydraulic ram pump will be installed. The length of drive pipe should be at least 5 times the vertical fall to ensure proper operation. The length of delivery pipe is not usually considered important because friction losses in the delivery pipe are normally small due to low flow rates. For very long delivery pipes or high flow rates, friction losses will have an impact on the performance of the hydraulic ram pump. The diameter of the delivery pipe should never be reduced below that recommended by the manufacturer.

Principles of Operation



Components of a hydraulic ram pump are illustrated in Figure 1. Its operation is based on converting the velocity energy in flowing water into elevation lift. Water flows from the source through the drive pipe (A) and escapes through the waste valve (B) until it builds enough pressure to suddenly close the waste valve. Water then surges through the interior discharge valve (C) into the air chamber (D), compressing air trapped in the chamber. When the pressurized water reaches equilibrium with the trapped air, it rebounds, causing the discharge valve (C) to close. Pressurized water then escapes from the air chamber through a check valve and up the delivery pipe (E) to its destination. The closing of the discharge valve (C) causes a slight vacuum, allowing the waste valve (B) to open again, initiating a new cycle.
The cycle repeats between 20 and 100 times per minute, depending upon the flow rate. If properly installed, a hydraulic ram will operate continuously with a minimum of attention as long as the flowing water supply is continuous and excess water is drained away from the pump.



Table 1. Image Key
1 1-1/4" valve                      10 1/4" pipe cock
2 1-1/4" tee                        11 100 psi gauge
3 1-1/4" union                      12 1-1/4" x 6" nipple
4 1-1/4" brass swing check valve    13 4" x 1-1/4" bushing
5 1-1/4" spring check valve        14 4" coupling       
6 3/4" tee                        15 4"x 24" PR160 PVC pipe
7 3/4" valve                        16 4" PVC glue cap
8 3/4" union                        17 3/4" x 1/4" bushing
9 1-1/4" x 3/4" bushing

Assembly and Operation Notes:
Pressure Chamber - A bicycle or "scooter tire" inner tube is placed inside the pressure chamber (part 15) as an "air bladder" to prevent water-logging or air-logging. Inflate the tube until it is "spongy" when squeezed, then insert it in the chamber. It should not be inflated very tightly, but have some "give" to it. (No information is available concerning pressure chamber sizes for the various sizes of ram pump. Make one somewhat larger for larger pumps - for instance, try a 6
inch diameter x 24 inch long pressure chamber for a 3 inch ram.)

A 4" threaded plug and 4" female adapter were originally used instead of the 4" glue-on cap shown in the image, This combination leaked regardless of how tightly it was tightened or how much teflon tape sealant was used, resulting in water-logging of the pressure chamber. This in turn dramatically increased the shock waves and could possibly have shortened pump life. If the bicycle tube should need to be serviced when using the glue cap the pipe may be cut in half then
re-glued together using a coupling.

Valve Operation Descriptions - Valve #1 is the drive water inlet for the pump. Union #8 is the exit point for the pressurized water. Swing check valve #4 is also known as the "impetus" or "waste" valve - the extra drive water exits here during operation. The "impetus" valve is the valve that is operated manually at the beginning (by pushing it in with a finger) to charge the ram and start normal operation.
Valves #1 and #7 could be ball valves instead of gate valves. Ball valves may withstand the shock waves of the pump better over a long period of time.

The swing check valve (part 4 - also known as the impetus valve) can be adjusted to vary the length of stroke (please note that maximum flow and pressure head will be achieved with this valve positioned vertically with the opening facing up). Turn the valve on the threads until the pin in the clapper hinge of the valve is in line with the pipe (instead of perpendicular to it). Then move the tee the valve is attached to slightly from vertical, making sure the clapper hinge in the swing check is toward the top of the valve as you do this. The larger the angle from vertical, the shorter the stroke period (and the less potential pressure, since the water will not reach as high a velocity before shutting the valve).

For maximum flow and pressure valve #4 should be in a vertical
position (the outlet pointed straight up).
Swing check valve #4 should always be brass (or some metal) and not plastic. Experiences with plastic or PVC swing check valves have shown that the "flapper" or "clapper" in these valves is very light weight and therefore closes much earlier than the "flapper" of a comparable brass swing check. This in turn would mean lower flow rates and lower pressure heads.

The pipe cock (part 10) is in place to protect the gauge after the pump is started. It is turned off after the pump has been started and is operating normally. Turn it on if needed to check the outlet
pressure, then turn it back off to protect the gauge.

Drive Pipe - The length of the drive pipe (from water source to pump) also affects the stroke period. A longer drive pipe provides a longer stroke period. There are maximum and minimum lengths for the drive pipe (see the paragraph below Table 2). The drive pipe is best made from
galvanized steel (more rigid is better) but schedule 40 PVC can be used with good results. The more rigid galvanized pipe will result in a higher pumping efficiency - and allow higher pumping heights. Rigidity of the drive pipe seems to be more important in this efficiency than straightness of the drive pipe.

Drive pipe length and size ratios are apparently based on empirical data. Information from University of Georgia publications provides an equation from Calvert (1958) describing the output and stability of ram pump installations in relation to the ratio of the drive pipe length (L) to the drive pipe diameter (D). The best range is an L/D ratio of between 150 and 1000 (L/D = 150 to L/D = 1000). Equations to use to determine these lengths are:
Minimum inlet pipe length: L = 150 x (inlet pipe size)
Maximum inlet pipe length: L = 1000 x (inlet pipe size)
If the inlet pipe size is in inches, then the length (L) will also be presented in inches. If inlet pipe size is in mm, then L will be presented in mm.

Drive Pipe Length Example: If the drive pipe is 1-1/4 inches (1.25 inches) in diameter, then the minimum length should be L = 150 x 1.25 = 187.5 inches (or about 15.6 feet). The maximum length for the same 1-1/4 inch drive pipe would be L = 1000 x 1.25 = 1250 inches (104 feet). The drive pipe should be as rigid and as straight as possible.

Stand pipe or no stand pipe? Many hydraulic ram installations show a "stand pipe" installed on the inlet pipe. The purpose of this pipe is to allow the water hammer shock wave to dissipate at a given point. Stand pipes are only necessary if the inlet pipe will be longer than the recommended maximum length (for instance, if the inlet pipe were to be 150 feet in length in the above example where the maximum inlet length should only be 104 feet). The stand pipe - if needed - is
generally placed in the line the same distance from the ram as the recommended maximum length indicated.

The stand pipe must be vertical and extend vertically at least 1 foot (0.3 meter) higher than the elevation of the water source - no water should exit the pipe during operation (or perhaps only a few drops during each shock wave cycle at most). Many recommendations suggest that the stand pipe should be 3 sizes larger than the inlet pipe. The supply pipe (between the stand pipe and the water source) should be 1 size larger than the inlet pipe.
The reason behind this is simple - if the inlet pipe is too long the water hammer shock wave will travel farther, slowing down the pumping pulses of the ram. Also, in many instances there may actually be interference with the operation of the pump due to the length of travel of the shock wave. The stand pipe simply allows an outlet to the atmosphere to allow the shock wave somewhere to go. Again this is not necessary unless the inlet pipe will have to be longer than the
recommended maximum length.

Another option would be to pipe the water to an open tank (with the top of the tank at least 1 foot (0.3 meter) higher than the vertical elevation of the water source), then attach the inlet pipe to the
tank. The tank will act as a dissipation chamber for the water hammer shock wave just as the stand pipe would. This option may not be viable if the tank placement would require some sort of tower, but if the topography allows this may be a more attractive option.

Operation - The pump will require some back pressure to begin working. A back pressure of 10 psi or more should be sufficient. If this is not provided by elevation-induced back pressure from
pumping the water uphill to the delivery point (water trough, etc.), use the 3/4" valve (part 7) to throttle the flow somewhat to provide this backpressure.
As an alternative to throttling valve part 7 you may consider running the outlet pipe into the air in a loop and then back down to the trough to provide the necessary back pressure - a total of 23 feet
of vertical elevation above the pump outlet should be sufficient. This may not be practical in all cases, but adding 8 feet of pipe after piping up a hill of 15 feet in elevation should not be a major
problem. This will allow you to open valve #7 completely, preventing stoppage of flow by trash or sediment blocking the partially-closed valve. It is a good idea to include a tee at the outlet of the
pump with a ball valve to allow periodic "flushing" of the sediment just in case.

Initially the pump will have to be manually started several times to remove all the air. Start the pump by opening valve 1 and leaving valve 7 closed. Then, when the swing check (#4) shuts, manually push it open again. The pump will start with valve 7 closed completely, pumping up to
some maximum pressure before stopping operation. After the pump begins operation slowly open valve 7, but do not allow the discharge pressure (read on gauge #11) to drop below 10 psi. You may have to push valve #4 open repeatedly to re-start the pump in the first few minutes (10 to 20
times is not abnormal) - air in the system will stop operation until it is purged.

The unions, gate (or ball) valves, and pressure gauge assembly are not absolutely required to make the pump run, but they sure do help in installing, removing, and starting the pump as well as regulating the flow.

Pump Performance - Some information suggests that typical ram pumps discharge approximately 7 gallons of water through the waste valve for every gallon pressurized and pumped. The percentage of the drive water delivered actually varies based on the ram construction, vertical fall to pump, and elevation to the water outlet. The percentage of the drive
water delivered varies from approximately 22% when the vertical fall to the pump is 1/2 (50%) of the elevation to the water outlet down to 2% when the vertical fall is 0.04 (4%) of the elevation to
the water outlet. Rife Hydraulic Engine Manufacturing Company literature www.riferam offers the following equation: 0.6 x Q x F/E = D

Q is the available drive flow in gallons per minute, F is the fall in feet from the water source to the ram, E is the elevation from the ram to the water outlet, and D is the flow rate of the delivery
water in gallons per minute. 0.6 is an efficiency factor and will differ somewhat between various ram pumps. For instance, if 12 gallons per minute is available to operate a ram pump, then pump is placed 6 feet below the water source, and the water will be pumped up an elevation of 20 feet, the amount of water that may be pumped with an appropriately-sized ram pump is
0.6 x 12 gpm x 6 ft / 20 ft = 2.16 gpm

The same pump with the same drive flow will provide less flow if the water is to be pumped up a
higher elevation. For instance, using the data in the previous example but increasing the elevation lift to 40 feet:
0.6 x 12 gpm x 6 ft / 40 ft = 1.08 gpm


A SplarPowered Alternative:



https://www.amazon.com/12-volt-well-pump/s?k=12+volt+well+pump

Quote:

... I eventually replaced the ram pump with an electric pump because I had to clamber down the hill to manually start the pump when it stopped. My neighbour did not like the noise.




My own experience is that the filter at the inlet is of importance. I'm trying to direct the flow of the stream so that sand and leaf debris isn't deposited around the pump inlet filter.</font>


Edited by Buster_Brown (04/07/20 03:47 AM)


Extras: Filter Print Post Top
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