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DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain * 2
    #26078698 -

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45812-w

Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain

N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a psychedelic compound identified endogenously in mammals, is biosynthesized by aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and indolethylamine-N-methyltransferase (INMT). Whether DMT is biosynthesized in the mammalian brain is unknown. We investigated brain expression of INMT transcript in rats and humans, co-expression of INMT and AADC mRNA in rat brain and periphery, and brain concentrations of DMT in rats. INMT transcripts were identified in the cerebral cortex, pineal gland, and choroid plexus of both rats and humans via in situ hybridization. Notably, INMT mRNA was colocalized with AADC transcript in rat brain tissues, in contrast to rat peripheral tissues where there existed little overlapping expression of INMT with AADC transcripts. Additionally, extracellular concentrations of DMT in the cerebral cortex of normal behaving rats, with or without the pineal gland, were similar to those of canonical monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin. A significant increase of DMT levels in the rat visual cortex was observed following induction of experimental cardiac arrest, a finding independent of an intact pineal gland. These results show for the first time that the rat brain is capable of synthesizing and releasing DMT at concentrations comparable to known monoamine neurotransmitters and raise the possibility that this phenomenon may occur similarly in human brains.


Very interesting that it is in concentrations similar to other neurotransmitters like serotonin and increases heavily when dying. The pineal gland doesn't appear to be involved.

Edited by cbeveridge3 (06/28/19 07:19 AM)

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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: cbeveridge3]
    #26078827 -

Its time to lock up human beings once and for good.

We are ALL DRUG FACTORIES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  :eek:

JAIL THE WORLD!!!!!!!!!!!!!  BEFORE ITS TOO LATE!!!!!!!!



SRSly though I dunno about u guys but technically in my country I am now ILLEGAL  hahahahhaaaa :derp:


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Learn to love all the things that you think are bad and then your life will start to be good.

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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: HappySloth]
    #26078959 -

Gonna have to go to hyperspace tonight myself to celebrate the discovery

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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: HappySloth]
    #26078960 -

I wanna see hoards of people handing themselves into police as the illegal drug labs that human beings are.

Thats the REDICULOUSNESS of our society.

COLLAPSE THE SYSTEM !

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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: cbeveridge3]
    #26079090 -

so DMT is synthesized in the neocortex?  :havesomescience:


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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: Primal Glitch]
    #26079101 -

Yes, they actually removed the pineal gland and the DMT levels did not change significantly, cortical DMT actually increased a little it seems in the pineal-less rats (insignificantly).

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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: cbeveridge3]
    #26079112 -

didnt david nichols debunk the idea that the brain produces enough dmt to actually alter consciousness? im confused


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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: SleepyE] * 1
    #26079140 -

No he did not, although he tried inappropriately to assert it. Although it is different to say it alters consciousness vs. it is a functioning neurotransmitter.

check out this exert from a reply to the Nichols paper you refer to:

Barker, S. A. (2018). *N,N-dimethyltryptamine facts and myths. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 820–821.*doi:10.1177/0269881118767648

Here is some exerts from the reply to Nichols assertion:

I write concerning the review article “N,N-dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth”, authored by David E. Nichols and recently published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology (Nichols, 2018). It appears the peer review process has failed you. In his effort to “separate fact from myth”, the reviewers and Journal failed to note that the author is actually attempting to create a myth about N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) all his own. The author states at the opening: “This review will essentially focus on whether or not DMT is produced in the human body. More specifically, is DMT produced in the human body, and especially by the pineal gland in physiologically relevant amounts? It seems clear that DMT can be produced in the body, as well as by the pineal gland, in extremely tiny amounts (Barker et al., 2012, 2013), but the more important issue is whether those amounts are sufficient to affect human physiology”. However, neither of the two references cited provide any data as to the concentration of DMT in the brain in general or the pineal gland specifically. Nonetheless, he is correct that more than adequate data have been produced in the scientific literature proving that DMT, a potent hallucinogen, is produced in vivo. However, the myth the author wishes to create is that DMT is produced in the pineal gland “in extremely tiny amounts,” a scientifically meaningless description. His myth is then extrapolated to the conclusion that the role of endogenous DMT is, therefore, insignificant. The facts are that there has yet to be any study quantitating DMT in this gland or surrounding brain structures. Knowing the actual concentration of DMT is a sine qua non for Nichols’ review and the topics he discussed.

.....

Thus, neither Nichols nor anyone else knows the concentrations of DMT in rat pineal gland, much less that of humans. Accordingly, it was inappropriate and scientifically unfounded for Nichols to base his review, dismissing an abundance of previously published peer-reviewed research in the process, solely on his pretense that DMT is only produced “in extremely tiny amounts”. The only existing published data regarding DMT’s presence in pineal gland does not, as described, lend itself to such a determination. Indeed, Nichols stated in his presentation that he is basing his opinion solely on the fact that a very sensitive technique (LC/MS/MS) was used and is either ignoring or unaware of the factors affecting such measurements or estimations as outlined in the points outlined above.

It is unfortunate that the Journal of Psychopharmacology published what constitutes a far-from-rigorous critique, motivated, it would appear, by opposition to ideas and opinions expressed in a documentary movie, a popular book, and various blogs and websites. It is certainly not based on actual published science. In so doing, Nichols appears determined to discourage legitimate, rigorous scientific research into the biosynthesis and function of DMT, an endogenous psychedelic substance. No one yet knows what DMT is doing in the brain or what physiological role it may or may not perform. We remain curious as to why a known hallucinogen is present in the brain. Only hypothesis-driven, objective, open-minded research will determine what is fact and what is myth, something Nichols’ opinionpiece does not accomplish.





Nichols reply back (small bit):

Contrary to Dr Barker’s assertion, I am not “determined to discourage legitimate, rigorous scientific research into the biosynthesis and function of DMT…” To the contrary, I would love to see a study that actually quantifies the absolute amounts of DMT produced by the pineal, or present in the blood, over a 24 h period. I am willing to be proved wrong, but please, do the experiment!



Looks like he was proved wrong!

Edited by cbeveridge3 (06/28/19 12:03 PM)

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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: cbeveridge3]
    #26079937 -

Really cool stuff, especially the finding that DMT spiked in only some of the rats during the heart attack (given that NDEs are rare). I'd love to see some follow-up rat behavioral studies with exogenous DMT doses that mimic the spike in endogenous DMT.

But it seems like the study would've been even better if they had shown co-expression of INMT and AADC in human brain as well (they only showed expression of INMT). And immunohistochemistry studies to confirm co-expression of INMT and AADC at the protein level would've been nice too.

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Re: DMT proven for the first time to be synthesized in mammalian brain [Re: cbeveridge3]
    #26080212 -

This thread has been closed.

Reason:
previously posted : https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/26076680

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