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InvisibleMostly_HarmlessM
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Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms * 1
    #23741297 - 10/16/16 01:24 AM (7 years, 4 months ago)

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161014092115.htm

Quote:

Date: October 14, 2016

Source: Kobe University

Summary: A new species of plant has been discovered on the subtropical Japanese island of Kuroshima (located off the southern coast of Kyushu in Kagoshima prefecture) and named it Gastrodia kuroshimensis. The new flowering plant species is a very rare event as the flora of this region have been thoroughly investigated. However, G. kuroshimensis was a particularly special discovery because it is both completely mycoheterophic, deriving its nutrition not from photosynthesis but from host fungi, and completely cleistogamous, producing flowers that never bloom.


Gastrodia kuroshimensis discovered on Kuroshima.

Project Associate Professor Kenji Suetsugu (Kobe University Graduate School of Science) has discovered a new species of plant on the subtropical Japanese island of Kuroshima (located off the southern coast of Kyushu in Kagoshima prefecture) and named it Gastrodia kuroshimensis. This research was published on October 14 in the Phytotaxa.

Non-photosynthetic mycorrhizal plants, or mycoheterotrophic plants, have long attracted the curiosity of botanists and mycologists. However, a common feature of most mycoheterotrophic plants is their extreme scarcity and small size. In addition, most species are found in the dark understory of forests, only discoverable during the flowering and fruiting period when aboveground organs appear through the leaf litter. As such, we still have scant knowledge on the precise taxonomy of the mycoheterotrophic group.

Professor Suetsugu is involved in documenting the distribution and classification of mycoheterotrophic plants in Japan. In April 2016, during his research trip in the lowland forests in Kuroshima, he came across approximately one hundred individuals of an unfamiliar mycoheterotrophic species. He collected a specimen, carried out a detailed examination of the plant's morphological characteristics and found that it was indeed a new species.

The description of a new flowering plant species in Japan is itself a very rare event as the flora of this region have been thoroughly investigated. However, G. kuroshimensis was a particularly special discovery because it is both completely mycoheterophic, deriving its nutrition not from photosynthesis but from host fungi, and completely cleistogamous, producing flowers that never bloom.

Cleistogamy, literally meaning 'a closed marriage', refers to plants that produce flowers in which self-fertilization occurs within closed buds. This mechanism of reproduction has intrigued botanists since the time of Darwin, and is now recognized as an important mechanism of self-pollination that is found in a diverse range of plant taxa. However, most cleistogamous species also produce chasmogamous (cross-pollinating) flowers. Cleistogamous flowers are considered a bet-hedging strategy, since they require less resources than chasmogamous flowers, and because they can provide reproductive assurance by setting seeds in the absence of pollinators and under disadvantageous environmental conditions. In addition, cleistogamous flowers can also promote adaptation to local habitats, as both maternal sets of genes can be passed onto the progeny, purging deleterious alleles (gene variants which are generally harmful). However, this is a somewhat risky strategy as the progeny are also less able to adapt to changes in spatially and temporally heterogeneous habitats.

The evolution of complete cleistogamy is therefore somewhat of a mystery. Chasmogamous flowers are an important factor in the success of most plants as even a small degree of outcrossing can result in a relatively rapid decline in linkage disequilibrium across the genome, and is sufficient to overcome the negative effects associated with an absence of effective recombination, such as the accumulation of deleterious mutations and a slowdown in the rate of adaptation. The discovery of G. kuroshimensis, therefore, provides a useful opportunity to further investigate the ecological significance, evolutionary history, and genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of complete cleistogamy.





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OfflineSpanishfly
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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: Mostly_Harmless]
    #23741489 - 10/16/16 05:29 AM (7 years, 4 months ago)

Some cacti are cleistogamous - some species of Frailea - they do bloom - as in that they produce flowers - but as you say MH the flowers never open and are self fertilised.


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InvisibleMostly_HarmlessM
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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: Spanishfly]
    #23741496 - 10/16/16 05:43 AM (7 years, 4 months ago)

Yes many Frailea are like that, seems to be a response to environment perhaps. I've managed to have F. mammifera and F. castanea open flowers here, the odd one in a multi pot, never all of them, but it is a rare sight.


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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: Mostly_Harmless]
    #23747043 - 10/17/16 08:00 PM (7 years, 4 months ago)

So the offspring self-pollinated plants are just clones of the parent plant?


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OfflineSpanishfly
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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: saythatagain]
    #23747910 - 10/18/16 04:27 AM (7 years, 4 months ago)

Quote:

saythatagain said:
So the offspring self-pollinated plants are just clones of the parent plant?




Yes, but they will be perfectly healthy copies of Mum.


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InvisibleMostly_HarmlessM
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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: saythatagain]
    #23747918 - 10/18/16 04:38 AM (7 years, 4 months ago)

Quote:

saythatagain said:
So the offspring self-pollinated plants are just clones of the parent plant?




No, not quite clones. Clones are produced by vegetative propagation. (but then, clones aren't really identical..)

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp18/18_4.pdf

Quote:

In genetic terms, self-pollination produces progenies
that are more uniform than those that result from
outcrossing. Remember that because meiosis is in-
volved, there is still recombination and the offspring
will not be identical to the parent.
However, such
progenies may contain high proportions of individuals
well-adapted to particular habitats. Self-pollination in
normally outcrossing species tends to produce large
numbers of ill-adapted individuals because it brings
together deleterious recessive genes; but some of these
combinations may be highly advantageous in particu-
lar habitats. In such habitats, it may be advantageous
for the plant to continue self-pollinating indefinitely.




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InvisibleEl Torcho
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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: Mostly_Harmless]
    #23747923 - 10/18/16 04:44 AM (7 years, 4 months ago)

It's a plant that get all of its nutrition from a mycorrhizal fungi.

Better get out the h2O2 . . . . :lol:


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Edited by El Torcho (10/18/16 04:34 PM)

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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: El Torcho]
    #23749215 - 10/18/16 03:03 PM (7 years, 4 months ago)

Neat... Biology was a while ago. I couldn't figure out how these things could evolve if there was no genetic variation.


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InvisibleEl Torcho
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Re: Plant discovered that neither photosynthesizes nor blooms [Re: saythatagain]
    #23749451 - 10/18/16 04:33 PM (7 years, 4 months ago)

There are pink/red Monotropa Uniflora where I live. They pop up around this time of year in the forests.

Apparently these types of plants are also considered 'parasitic', in they steal from the mycorrhizal fungi and ultimately  the trees.


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