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Offlinemorrowasted
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Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking
    #23418276 - 07/06/16 08:24 PM (7 years, 7 months ago)

http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-07-neurons-brain.html
Quote:




By activating particular neurons, we may be able to influence alcohol drinking behavior, according to new findings published by researchers at the Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine in the journal Biological Psychiatry.

The group's prior research showed that alcohol consumption alters the physical structure and function of neurons, called medium spiny neurons, in the dorsomedial striatum. Essentially, they found that activation of one type of neuron, called D1, determines whether one drink leads to two. Now, they've discovered the ones that tell us to stop.

These neurons can be thought of like a tree, with many branches, and many small protrusions, or spines, coming off of them. Each neuron has one of two types of dopamine receptors—D1 or D2—and so can be thought of as either D1 or D2 neurons. D1 neurons are informally called part of a "go" pathway in the brain, while D2 neurons are in the "no-go" pathway. In other words, when D2 neurons are activated, they discourage action—telling you to wait, to stop, to do nothing.

"At least from the addiction point of view, D2 neurons are good," said Jun Wang, MD, PhD, the corresponding author on the paper and assistant professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics at the Texas A&M College of Medicine. "When they are activated, they inhibit drinking behavior, and therefore activating them is important for preventing problem drinking behavior."
The trouble is, even in individuals without alcoholism, D2 neurons tend to become deactivated when we drink too much. This deactivation means there is nothing telling us to stop drinking, so we drink more, in a self-perpetuating cycle.

The researchers found that in animal models, repeated cycles of excessive alcohol intake, followed by abstaining from alcohol, actually changed the strength of these neuronal connections, making D2 signals less powerful—which results in essentially training the individual to seek alcohol. "Think of the binge drinking behavior of so many young adults," Wang said. "Essentially they are probably doing the same thing that we've shown leads to inhibition of these so-called 'good' neurons and contributes to greater alcohol consumption."
These findings provide insight into another mechanism underlying the complicated disease we call alcoholism. "Our current and previous research are essentially two sides of the same coin," Wang said. "D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons have essentially opposing roles in alcohol consumption."

By manipulating the activity of these neurons, the researchers were actually able to change the alcohol-drinking behavior of the animal models who had been "trained" to seek alcohol. By activating D2 neurons, they were able to decrease alcohol consumption, and the more the D2 neurons were activated, the greater the effect is likely to be.

The research was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA).

Although Wang cautions that we are still a long way from testing this in humans, in theory, if we could someday use drugs or electrical stimulation or some other method of activating the D2 neurons—these so-called "no-go" neurons—then we might be able to prevent alcoholics from wanting another drink. "That's the ultimate goal," Wang said. "I hope these findings will eventually be able to be used for treatment for alcohol addiction."





In other words, if alcohol only stimulated D2 neurons rather than D1 neurons, there would probably be little if any compulsion to continue drinking once you begin, and maybe even an inclination not to drink more. This is interesting, because, for example, LSD activates D2 neurons but not D1 neurons, and it is not associated with compulsive use. Most individuals who take LSD at 2 oclock do not feel compelled to take more at 5 oclock.

What they may attempt to do, it seems, is develop drugs that bind only to D2 receptors in order to curb compulsive drinking in problem drinkers.

Edited by morrowasted (07/06/16 08:25 PM)

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Offline5150
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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: morrowasted]
    #23418303 - 07/06/16 08:37 PM (7 years, 7 months ago)

Eventually they will do gene editing,will take out certain genes to make u more law abiding less thrill seeking,make u a worker drone which won't rebel against gov,probably in 35 years


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InvisibleShiithead
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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: 5150]
    #23418898 - 07/06/16 11:56 PM (7 years, 7 months ago)

At the rate technology and novelty has been increasing I'd say it will be a possibility within the next day to the next 100 years. It's hard to tell. It's their game. We are just the players.


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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: Shiithead]
    #23419069 - 07/07/16 02:28 AM (7 years, 7 months ago)

Shit, I bet within 199 years we probably wont even be treating brain pathologies with chemicals, it will be done using shit like neurofeedback.

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Invisibletealeaf
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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: morrowasted]
    #23419390 - 07/07/16 07:19 AM (7 years, 7 months ago)

My gene has definitely been mutated :offthehook:


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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: tealeaf]
    #23419856 - 07/07/16 10:50 AM (7 years, 7 months ago)

Hahahah:rofl:


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Invisiblenooneman
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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: morrowasted]
    #23420325 - 07/07/16 02:00 PM (7 years, 7 months ago)

Isn't dopamine D2 the primary target of stimulants? (of course most stimulants are either dopamine releasers or reuptake inhibitors, but I could have sworn the point was D2 activation which causes the main effects of stimulants)

Edited by nooneman (07/07/16 02:01 PM)

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OfflineGPryder
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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: morrowasted]
    #23421375 - 07/07/16 08:09 PM (7 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

morrowasted said:
Most individuals who take LSD at 2 oclock do not feel compelled to take more at 5 oclock.




Wonder what it means about my brain that I always feel compelled to take more and have wasted a lot re-dosing after the quick tolerance build up has already made it ineffective.


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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: GPryder]
    #23426247 - 07/09/16 11:11 AM (7 years, 7 months ago)

cool article


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Re: Researchers pinpoint neurons that tell the brain when to stop drinking [Re: GPryder]
    #23427508 - 07/09/16 07:21 PM (7 years, 7 months ago)

Quote:

GPryder said:
Quote:

morrowasted said:
Most individuals who take LSD at 2 oclock do not feel compelled to take more at 5 oclock.




Wonder what it means about my brain that I always feel compelled to take more and have wasted a lot re-dosing after the quick tolerance build up has already made it ineffective.



Don't get me wrong, I sometimes redose LSD, and LSD is definitely way more prone to redosing than most other psychedelics. But compared with alcohol, the compulsion to take more once you start is very small. If you only have two hits and you feel like taking more, it's not likely you're going to hit up your dealer trying to get more just to redose. A lot of people who've caught an alcohol buzz who want to keep drinking will go buy more alcohol when they've run out so they can keep that buzz or keep getting drunker.

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