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OfflineEarthspirit
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Registered: 07/11/14
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: psychedelicbath] * 2
    #20516986 - 09/03/14 10:55 PM (9 years, 4 months ago)

Hello all!

Wow! I'm excited to see all these prospective students. I thought this thread was going to be a wasteland. I have to apologize for not posting in a more timely manner - I have been very busy with work and school. I've decided to alter my original goal for this thread. I'm going to start off the lessons with some introductory general chemistry concepts. I was going to jump straight into organic chemistry, but, as I was organizing the lessons, I realized that there are probably a lot of topics that are going to be very confusing to readers without some general chemistry background. Again, though, my goal is to provide a basic education of general and organic chemistry. I do not, at this point, plan to include elaborate chemical procedures or analyses in the lessons, but I will, if so requested. My lessons are directed toward beginners, but will advance in complexity as the lessons unfold. I also plan to include hands-on experiments in some of these topics.

Tomorrow, I'll follow up on this post with a basic course outline and the first lesson "Introduction to Matter and Energy".

I did get a few questions though, which I am happy to answer.

Quote:

4HO-DMT said:

Earthspirit, will you show us a simple synthesis?




Gorlax is correct. There are many, many different synthesis techniques and processes. I do want to point out, though, that substitution reactions1 and elimination reactions2 are separate and distinct procedures (not categorized as synthesis reactions3) . I will explain those in more detail in the future, but, for now, the basic formula for a synthesis reaction is A + B --> AB. In other words, two simple substances combine to make a third substance composed of the two reactants4.

A classic example is the synthesis of sodium chloride from atomic5 sodium and chlorine gas. In the reaction, sodium cations6 combine with chlorine anions7 to reach a compound of neutral charge. (Positively charged atoms attract negatively charged atoms -- think magnets)

2 Na + Cl2 --> 2 NaCl 


or

Na+ + Cl- --> Na+Cl-
(Chlorine does not exist freely in the atomic state. It exists in the molecular8 state in nature, so one of these atoms is taken from the molecular form of the element, hence the top equation.)


Everyone is familiar with sodium chloride -- it's table salt. What's remarkable about this reaction is that sodium and chlorine gas are both extremely reactive and poisonous. It would not take much at all to kill a person. The product of the reaction, however, is relatively
harmless. This is a great example of how only 98 naturally occurring elements can result in the enormous diversity of matter present in our universe.

Terms:
1. Substitution reaction (or single displacement reaction) -- One element replaces another in a compound. A + BC --> AC + B
2. Elimination reaction -- reaction that results in the removal of an atom or ion from a compound.
3. Synthesis reaction -- a reaction in which two simple substances are combined to make a more complex substance.
4. Reactants -- the initial substances in a chemical reaction, written on the left side of the chemical equation.
5. Atomic elements-- exist in nature with single atom elements as their basic units.
6. Cation -- an atom that has lost an electron, resulting in a positive charge.
7. Anion -- an atom that has gained an electron, resulting in a negative charge.
8. Molecular elements -- exist in nature with the basic unit of two atoms bonded together.


All information sourced from Introductory Chemistry: 4e by Nivaldo J. Tro and General, Organic, and Biochemistry: 7e by Katherine J. Denniston, Joseph J. Topping, and Robert L. Caret.
Photo credit: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu


P.S. I got to this post late tonight. I'll answer the other question on pH calculation tomorrow when I continue the lessons.


Edited by Earthspirit (09/04/14 05:11 AM)


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Invisible4HO-DMT
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Earthspirit]
    #20517543 - 09/04/14 01:43 AM (9 years, 4 months ago)

Thank you, Earthspirit.


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Offlines240779
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Earthspirit]
    #20521273 - 09/04/14 09:09 PM (9 years, 4 months ago)

subbed


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OfflineKingKnowledge
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: s240779]
    #20522970 - 09/05/14 06:03 AM (9 years, 4 months ago)

Quote:

Da2ra said:
subbed




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Offlinekmetric
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: KingKnowledge]
    #20525953 - 09/05/14 09:24 PM (9 years, 4 months ago)



Thanks Earthspirit. Will be following this thread eagerly. Can't wait for the hands-on stuff you have planned as well.


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Offlines240779
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: s240779]
    #20533983 - 09/07/14 03:14 PM (9 years, 4 months ago)

I'd like to understand why the -codone and -morphone opioids are harder to synthesize than heroin ->

Processing thebaine to other narcotic alkaloids is not something that can be done in a home lab. I have yet to see e.g. clandestine oxycodone production or large scale thefts of catalytic hydrogenation equipment...

sekio - http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/579880-Questions-about-opiate-synthesis?p=9776254&viewfull=1#post9776254


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Offlinekmetric
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: s240779] * 1
    #20617317 - 09/25/14 01:55 PM (9 years, 4 months ago)

Hope you're still around Earthspirit was really looking forward to this..

:feelingblue:


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OfflineGdivski
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Registered: 01/28/14 Happy 10th Shroomiversary!
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: kmetric]
    #20624700 - 09/27/14 08:10 AM (9 years, 4 months ago)

Carbon hold the key to all life form as we know it.
Carbon is the balance that gives us the beautiful plant we live on. The only one we know that holds intelligent life.
Great post


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InvisibleZombi3
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Gdivski]
    #20624703 - 09/27/14 08:11 AM (9 years, 4 months ago)

Bookmarked:awesomenod:


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Invisibleazur
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Zombi3]
    #20624830 - 09/27/14 08:59 AM (9 years, 4 months ago)

More please


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Offlineblojo02184
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: azur]
    #20634238 - 09/29/14 08:24 AM (9 years, 3 months ago)

:popcorn:


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Offlinemusiclover420
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: blojo02184] * 2
    #20647296 - 10/02/14 02:25 AM (9 years, 3 months ago)

Bring us more organic chemistry knowledge, this thread is such a cool idea.


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You know how it feels, With the breeze of the sun in your eyes. Not minding that time's passing by

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I talk to myself, I need nobody else. I'm lost and I'm mine, yes I'm free



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Offlineuglyman
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: musiclover420]
    #20765827 - 10/28/14 09:26 PM (9 years, 3 months ago)

Thank you for posting this. I've looked into organic chemistry before and it starts off easy but I always end up getting confused. I'll definitely be watching and reading this thread.


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InvisibleRazzldazzle

Registered: 05/27/13
Posts: 87
Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: uglyman]
    #20778431 - 10/31/14 08:49 PM (9 years, 2 months ago)

So 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl. Its a synthesis reaction yes? How do you go from the reactants to the product? I don't understand how Cl2 goes to just 1 Cl in the product. Thanks!


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OfflineThebooedocksaint
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Registered: 05/10/09
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Razzldazzle]
    #20778895 - 10/31/14 10:56 PM (9 years, 2 months ago)

...Not organic chemistry. That's ionic bonding, organic is almost exclusively a study of bonds more in the covalent spectrum.

I think one can use green light to generate Cl. Radicals which want to bond or grab an electron very bad.

I've taken Organic I and II and got an A, but I'd hardly consider myself an expert to teach any of it.


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InvisibleK1ngSp4de
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Thebooedocksaint]
    #20870441 - 11/21/14 01:01 PM (9 years, 2 months ago)

:popcorn:


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                    Si peccasse negamus fallimur et nulla est in nobis veritas.


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Offlineafrekcan
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Earthspirit] * 1
    #20887183 - 11/25/14 02:38 AM (9 years, 2 months ago)

I hate to hijack, but I figured since the OP hasn't replied in quite a while I might help string this thread along...(if anyone shows interest I'll happily continue...)

AN INTRODUCTION TO BOND LINE STRUCTURES

A very common way of representing organic compounds is known as the bond line structure, which is essentially a shorthand method of drawing organic compounds that does not explicitly label carbon or hydrogen atoms. In order to advance in organic chemstry, it is important to understand what these representations mean in terms of molecule's structure and composition. Below is the bond line structure of butane, with carbon atoms circled.
(Apologize for shitty ms paints)




However, if we were to draw all the atoms, the structure would actually look like this:



Some important points to note:

-Each kink or end of a line (circled in red in first image above) represents a carbon atom. Each carbon atom can have up to four bonds (four lines connecting to other atoms, each indicating the sharing of an electron pair).

-In bond line strutures, hydrogen atoms are implicit, thus, if a carbon is
shown bonded to two other atoms, then there are two hydrogen atoms not shown.

-If a carbon is shown bonded to three other atoms, then one hydrogen is not shown, ect.

Nomenclature - IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

Carbon chains that contain only single bonds, such as butane shown above are known as alkanes, and are named with the suffix -ane. The prefix is based off of the number of carbon atoms the structure contains:

meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept -7
oct -8
non -9
dec- 10
undec- 11
dodec- 12
cont...

-Practice:
Name the following:



Edited by afrekcan (11/25/14 01:36 PM)


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InvisibleRazzldazzle

Registered: 05/27/13
Posts: 87
Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: afrekcan]
    #20888273 - 11/25/14 11:59 AM (9 years, 2 months ago)

Would that be hexane?


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Offlineafrekcan
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Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: Razzldazzle]
    #20888886 - 11/25/14 02:15 PM (9 years, 2 months ago)

Correct.


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InvisibleRazzldazzle

Registered: 05/27/13
Posts: 87
Re: Organic Chemistry [Re: afrekcan]
    #20889225 - 11/25/14 03:25 PM (9 years, 2 months ago)

Cool, got any more lessons? Thanks for that BTW.


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