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Milestones in U.S. Marijuana Laws - NYT * 1
    #19039919 - 10/27/13 09:38 AM (10 years, 3 months ago)

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/10/27/us/marijuana-legalization-timeline.html?ref=us&_r=0#/#time283_8117

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Milestones in U.S. Marijuana Laws

Over the last century, the laws relating to marijuana have gone through an evolution. While proponents argue that the drug is as harmless as alcohol, federal, state and local agencies have taken issue. However, some states have won a battle to legalize small quantities.

Dec. 17, 1914
Francis Burton Harrison.Associated Press
Harrison Act
The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act is enacted. Congress votes to levy a tax on opiates like opium and coca leaves, and lays the groundwork for future drug laws.

Haynes Declares Harrison Drug Law is Most Effective in the World (May 22, 1923)
Text: Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 1914

1930
Harry J. Anslinger, commissioner of narcotics, in 1962 after his retirement.Associated Press
Narcotics Bureau
The Narcotics Bureau is an agency established to enforce the Harrison Act. The bureau is directed by Harry J. Anslinger, who had been an assistant commissioner of prohibition.
1935The Uniform State Narcotic Law
Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, an act is passed to bring state laws into accordance with federal statutes in fighting drug sales and abuse. It is modeled on the Harrison Act.

Roosevelt Asks Narcotic War Aid (March 22, 1935)
Text of the Act

1936The film, "Reefer Madness."YouTube.com
Reefer Madness
The antimarijuana propaganda film “Reefer Madness” (also called “Tell Your Children”) is released. The overwrought narrative begins with one puff of a marijuana cigarette, leads to more than one death and ends with the ominous warning, "The dread marijuana may be reaching forth next for your son or daughter...or yours...or YOURS!"

Review and Clip

August 1937The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 effectually curbs the trafficking of marijuana through heavy taxation. The Narcotics Bureau assumes control of enforcing it.

Signs Bill to Curb Marihuana (Aug. 3, 1937)
Text of the Act

January 1945LaGuardia Report
Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia appoints a Committee on the Marijuana Problem in the city of New York in 1939 to study the effects of of the drug. The 220-page “LaGuardia Report,” as it becomes known, is released in 1945. The committee finds that "the practice of smoking marijuana does not lead to addiction in the medical sense of the word," and that the drug is "not the determining factor in the commission of major crimes.” The mayor says, however, that he will continue to enforce laws prohibiting marijuana.

Experts Discount Marijuana as a Big Factor in Crime but Drive on it WIll be Pressed (Jan. 12, 1945)
Text of the Report

1951The Boggs Act
The Boggs Act establishes the first mandatory prison sentences for violators of narcotics laws. Under the legislation, sponsored by Rep. Hale Boggs of Louisiana, penalties for selling narcotics increases to 2 to 5 years in a federal penitentiary for first offenders, 5 to 10 years for second offenders, and 10 to 20 years for third offenders.

Narcotics Drop Reported (Jan. 21, 1952)
Nearly 500 Seized in Narcotics Raids Across the Nation (Jan. 5, 1952)

The 1960sThe Counterculture and Drug Scene
In the late ‘60s, amid the growing counterculture and drug proliferation, marijuana use becomes a mainstay of the 'hippie' lifestyle. A fierce debate emerges over whether to legalize the drug. Some medical experts say they worry about the drug’s psychological effects, but others say that the little study put into it has been inconclusive. Many others claim that marijuana has the potential for positive medical and therapeutic results. On either side of the debate, a large number of people believe that laws for possession are too strict.

Many Students Now Regard Marijuana as a Part of Growing Up (Jan. 11, 1968)
The ‘Hashbury’ is the Capital of the Hippies by Hunter S. Thompson (May 14, 1967)

April 8, 1968Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
President Lyndon B. Johnson merges two agencies to establish the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, the predecessor of the Drug Enforcement Agency, in a broader reorganization of government antidrug policies.

Johnson Widens Narcotics Fight (Feb. 8, 1968)
Excerpts From Johnson Message on Crime and Text of Proposal on Narcotic Unit

1970
R. Keith Stroup, president of Norml, speaking at a Senate hearing on a bill that would reduce penalties for the use of marijuana.United Press International
Norml
Norml, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, is founded by a lawyer, R. Keith Stroup. The organization advocates through lobbying and litigation for the legalization of marijuana.

The Pot Lobby (Jan. 21, 1973)

The Shafer Commission
The National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse is created by President Richard M. Nixon and authorized by the Controlled Substances Act to “determine its medical effects and its relation to crime and delinquency.” Raymond P. Shafer, a former governor of Pennsylvania, is charged with leading the commission. When it becomes clear that the group will advocate the legalization of small amounts of marijuana, Nixon states publicly that he will disregard the advice of the commission he created.

Shafer Discounts Marijuana ‘Veto’ (May 20, 1971)
Man in the News: Raymond Philip Shafer (March 23, 1972)

Oct. 27, 1970Controlled Substances Act
The Controlled Substances Act is passed, classifying drugs on four different schedules or categories of seriousness. Marijuana is classified as a Schedule 1 drug, making it legally one of the most dangerous substances carrying the highest penalties.

Senate Approves Narcotics Curbs (Jan. 29, 1970)

March 1972
Raymond Shafer, right, discussing the findings of the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in March 1972. He is joined by two other members of the commission, Senator Jacob K. Javits, left, and Dana L. Farnsworth. Associated Press
The Shafer Report
The commission investigating drug abuse recommends legalizing small quantities of marijuana. The group has researched the drug using 50 projects, ranging from a study of the effects of marijuana on the human body to a field survey of enforcement of the marijuana laws in six cities. As promised, President Nixon rejects the Shafer Commission’s proposal.

Text of Shafer Report
National Commission to Propose Legal Private Use of Marijuana. (Feb. 13, 1972)

July 1, 1973Birth of the D.E.A.
Three federal antidrug agencies -- the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, the Office for Drug Abuse Law Enforcement and the Office of National Narcotics Intelligence -- are consolidated into the Drug Enforcement Administration.

Nixon Plan to Consolidate Drug Enforcement Wins Victory in House (June 8, 1973)

October 1973Oregon Loosens Law
Oregon becomes the first state to reduce the penalty for marijuana possession, followed by several states over the next few years.

Oregon Adapts to Mild Marijuana Law (Dec. 25, 1974)
States Easing Marijuana Laws (June 23, 1974)

1970s
Cover of the Winter 1975 issue of High Times magazine.
Acceptance Grows
Public acceptance of marijuana use grows as the drug loses some of its rebellious drug-culture connotations. The drug gets more expensive as the upper middle class takes to it, and even a magazine, High Times, is devoted to the subject. The first issue sells more than 45,000 copies.

Smoking of Marijuana Gains Wider Acceptance (May 23, 1977)

Late 1970s/Early 1980sParental Antidrug Campaigns
Alarmed by an increase in smoking and the younger age at which children begin, parents campaign against the proliferation of marijuana.

New Parental Push Against Marijuana (Feb. 10, 1980)

1980The War on Drugs
Ronald Reagan defeats Jimmy Carter, who had favored reducing the penalties for marijuana possession, to become president. Mr. Reagan, along with his vice president, George H.W. Bush, ushers in an era of anti-drug campaigns and legislation by instituting a ‘War on Drugs.’

Reagan Defends Record on Fighting Drug Traffic (Oct. 7, 1984)
Administration Plans a Wider War on Drugs (Oct. 17, 1982)

Oct. 28, 1986Ronald and Nancy Reagan's speech to the nation on the campaign against drug abuse.The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Antidrug Abuse Act of 1986
Congress passes the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, requiring stringent federal prison sentences for everyone from large-volume dealers to low-level couriers. These mandatory minimums leave no leeway for judges to consider the circumstances of a crime or criminal before prescribing prison terms, and inspire widespread criticism.

Drug Law Raises More Than Hope (Nov. 2, 1986)
Reagan Signs Anti-Drug Measure; Hopes for ‘Drug-Free Generation’ (Oct. 28, 1986)
Reagans Advocate Crusade on Drugs (Sept. 15, 1986)

Nov. 24, 1988
Ronald and Nancy Reagan in August 1988. The president and first lady are both committed activists in combating drug abuse.Mike Sargent/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
The Antidrug Abuse Act of 1988
Reagan signs the Antidrug Abuse Amendments Act of 1988 which ups the ante of the 1986 act by making life without parole the sentence for offenders who are on their third strike with two or more prior convictions. It also establishes a national director of drug policy, William J. Bennett, who becomes known as the first ‘drug czar.’

Does ‘Drug Czar Face a Mission Impossible?’ (Feb. 21, 1989)
Reagan Signs Bill to Curb Drug Use (Nov. 19, 1988)

Nov. 5, 1996
Bill Zimmerman, who managed the successful campaign for California's Proposition 215, announces on Nov. 6 that he is forming a coalition to push the initiative in other states. Reuters
Proposition 215 Passes in California
Voters pass Proposition 215, California's Compassionate Use Act, legalizing the cultivation, possession and use of marijuana for medical purposes, laying the groundwork for future laws across the country. Between 1998 and 2013, 19 other states and the District of Columbia pass laws that enact some measure of legal medical marijuana. The federal government, however, fights to assert its power against the state laws.

Medical Marijuana Use Winning Backing (Oct. 30, 1996)
Text of the Proposition
Statement by the Medical Board of California

June 8, 2005Supreme Court Allows Federal Ban
The United States Supreme Court upholds the power of Congress to prohibit and prosecute medical marijuana even in the 11 states that permit it. The decision overturns a 2003 ruling by a federal appeals court that had shielded California's Compassionate Use Act from federal drug enforcement.

Court Allows U.S. Medical Marijuana Ban (June 8, 2005)

Nov. 3, 2010
Matthew Roundtree calling voters at the “Yes on 19” campaign headquarters in Oakland, Calif.Jim Wilson/The New York Times
Recreational Use Voted Down in California
An initiative to allow marijuana for recreational use in California is defeated.

California Rejects Marijuana Legalization (Nov. 3, 2010)
Battle Over California Marijuana Initiative Goes Down to the Wire (Oct. 30, 2010)

October 2011
A local permit for growing marijuana hangs in front of a garden that was raided by D.E.A. agents. Jim Wilson/The New York Times
Federal Government Cracks Down
Even as popular support grows for legalizing the drug, federal prosecutors act to close down dispensaries and growers. The government says that in California, many people have used the medical marijuana law as a cover for large-scale drug operations, with tens of millions of dollars’ worth of marijuana being sent across state lines. Officials take a hard line against dispensaries and threaten to prosecute landlords who own the buildings.

U.S. Attorneys in California Set Crackdown on Marijuana (Oct. 8, 2011)
Medical Marijuana Industry is Unnerved by U.S. Crackdown (Nov. 23, 2011)

Nov. 6, 2012
Proponents celebrate the successful vote in Colorado and Washington to legalize marijuana for recreational use.Reuters
Washington and Colorado Approve Recreational Use
In a game-changing move, Washington and Colorado legalize small amounts of marijuana for personal recreational use. As marijuana-rights advocates celebrate, the states go about devising a system for legal sales and informing the public about the law.

Counting the Days Till Marijuana’s Legal (Nov. 17, 2012)
In Colorado, Getting Down to the Business of Marijuana (Dec. 18, 2012)

May 6, 2013
Yamileth Bolanos, left, the owner of a Los Angeles medical marijuana dispensary, with a customer, Carol Patriot, who has sciatica.Monica Almeida/The New York Times
California Court Upholds Local Bans
The California Supreme Court upholds the right of local governments to ban medical marijuana dispensaries, which have proliferated since 1996. Municipalities and counties across California had been passing laws to tamp down on the abundance of storefronts as they multiplied. Marijuana users and legal sellers fight the bans, but courts largely back the government actions.

Court Upholds Ban on Marijuana Dispensaries (May 6, 2013)
Petition Drive Challenges Medical Marijuana Ban in Rural California County (Nov. 4, 2011)
Marijuana Only for the Sick? A Farce, Some Angelenos Say (Oct. 10, 2012)

Aug. 29, 2013U.S. Will Not Interfere With State Laws
In an about face on federal policy, the Justice Department announces that it will not sue to block laws legalizing marijuana in 20 states and the District of Columbia, a move that proponents hail as an important step toward ending the prohibition of the drug.

U.S. Won’t Sue to Reverse States’ Legalization of Marijuana (Aug. 30, 2013)
Document: Justice Department Memo on Marijuana Enforcement

By LORI MOORE



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