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How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) * 1
    #1466732 -

The genus Psilocybe is quite large, consisting of over 246 known species.
More than 114 of these Psilocybe species are entheogenic. That is, they contain the alkaloids psilocine and/or psilocybine and related tryptamine compounds.

Psilocybe species have a wide variety of habitats which include: dung, manured soil, sandy soil, pastures, meadows, lawns, woods, among decayed twigs and leaves, spaghnum moss, woodchips and bark mulch.

Psilocybe species have certain characteristics common throughout the genus. These include: a conic to bell shaped cap, usually with a nipple or umbo at the top (see illustration below of various species with conical or cone-shaped caps).

The margins of the caps are often incurved when young. Some caps become convex and flat with age, others become wavy.

The caps are viscid when moist and the margin is translucent-striate (meaning that the lines of the gill plates are visable on the caps when moist). Psilocybe species have a viscid pellicle (a film or membrane which can easily be separated from the cap).

Colors of the caps may range from a dark olive brown or chestnut rusty color when fresh to pale yellow when dried. The caps are hygrophanous, meaning that they change color as they dry. A slight bluing may occur along the outer edges of the caps when damaged. In some species this bluing is very intense. The color of the gills may range from cinnamon
brown to dark chocolate or purple brown. The color of the spores are also chocolate to purple brown. The stems are hollow with a fine pith.

Some species such as Psilocybe semilanceata (the "liberty cap") can be wrapped around the finger like a piece of string. Certain varieties (psilocybe cubensis and/or Psilocybe subcubensis, Psilocybe fimetaria and Psilocybe stuntzii) usually have a dark chocolate-purple ring around the top of the stem where the mushroom cap has detached itself from the stem. The purple color of the ring on the stems of some Psilocybe species is due to spores falling on the stem after the cap of the mushrooms has opened. The color of the stems may range from a pallid yellow or yellow-brown to olive brown while other species have pure white stems.

Bluing on the white stemmed varieties is usually very intense. In some regions, some species occur throughout the year depending on their locations and and climatic environments.

There are, of course, certain chemical applications used to speed up the bluing reaction which occurs in psilocybian mushrooms. One method involves "metol", a chemical used in photographic developing. "Metol" can be legally purchased from any camera and photographic supply outlet.

Mix 1 part Metol with 20 parts water. Place the stem of the suspected mushroom in a "metol" solution and wait for approximately 1/2 hour. If the solution turns blue, you have actually collected a mushroom containing psilocybin.

In the illustration posted directly below are several species of psilocybian mushrooms, the first two are the mushroom from ergot from which LSD is made from. Then we also show a Pluteus and A Gymnopilus species and several Psilocybe species. Notice the variations of these mushrooms. Each is a separate speci9es from the other, yet they have trhe same characteristics of the genera in each one.



Now about Panaeolus and Copelandia species.

If the sporeprint is jet black, then the mushroom belongs to one of the following genera: Panaeolus and/or Copelandia species.

These are two families which have mushrooms found to contain the alkaloids known as psilocine and/or psilocybine.

Coprinus (shaggy Mane) and/or Anellaria also have jet black sporeprints but are not hallucinogeic.
Both Panaeolus and Copelandia mushrooms can be collected in the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres and are found in the manure of four-legged ruminants.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1466892 -

so much information, so little time =(

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer] * 1
    #1466924 -

- Post History Deleted Upon User's Request -

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: ]
    #1471644 -

Save this post in the Mushroom Hunting FAQ Somewhere,

GG

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: GGreatOne234]
    #1482506 -

- Post History Deleted Upon User's Request -

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1482961 -

ALL Psilocybe spp. have a membranous pellicle?


--------------------
Man thinks. God laughs. - Jewish Proverb

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: no-tone]
    #1500593 -

If I have metol, it will tell me whether or not the mushrooms contains psilocybe....and whether or not I can eat it..right?

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: fuznickit]
    #1500603 -

You really do not need metol to test your shrooms and I am not sure it photo shops still sell it.

The bluing in a species is natural ffrom natural damages to the shrooms from wind, rain, falling leaves slugs chewing on them, humans walking on them. They all leave bluing maerks from damage to a fresh shroom or one in aging process.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: no-tone]
    #1500606 -

IT already says that above.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1501183 -

Believe me I'm not trying to question you Mjshroomer but I am still a little unclear, any mushroom that falls within the characteristics stated above and turns blue is ok to eat? I had read somewhere that just because a mushroom turns blue does not mean you can eat it and that it STILL might be poison. Is there a poisonous speicies that turns blue when injured that you know of.

Like I said I'm not trying to question you or your knowlage of shrooms,I'm just trying to use what you know to my advantage so as I dont go and eat a poisonous one by mistake and end up dead.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mycophat]
    #1501449 -

Boletus cyanescens, B. satanicus and a few others turn blue when injred but thgey are Boletes and do not have gills but spongy bottoms. If the mushroom does not have choclate to purple brown spores,, then do not pick or eat them.

mj

Where are you?


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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1503457 -

From what I've seen in pictures, the pellicle on P. semilanceata is really different from P. cubensis. Of course, I don't have that much experience so i may be wrong, but it appears that Libs are much more membranous and moist.


--------------------
Man thinks. God laughs. - Jewish Proverb

Edited by no-tone (04/29/03 10:28 AM)

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: no-tone]
    #1503752 -

Well P. cubensis use to be a Stropharia.

Stropharia cubensis Earle

Now it is called Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer.

Of course it really is notnhing like most smaller Psilocybes.

But it is microscopically a Psilocybe.

mj

Edited by mjshroomer (04/29/03 08:59 AM)

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1504868 -

this "metol test" is incredibly precious !!!
everybody must know that ! Maybe less accidents could occur thanks to this method...and thanks to Mjshroomer too !

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1505621 -

thanks mjshroomer ..for the great post....  :laugh: 


--------------------
http://heffter.org

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1519942 -

Hi fellow travellers, hi mjshroomer.

First I want to thank you mushroom John for many great writings and webpages.

Second, I want to give some views from a newbie perspective.

I the guide we can first read:
Quote:
If the sporeprint is jet black, then the mushroom belongs to one of the following genera: Panaeolus and/or Copelandia species.


Then as a newbie, one really believes that if the sporeprint is jet black, the mushroom belongs to either Panaeolus or the Copelandia species.

But, then comes the confusing contradiction:
Quote:
Coprinus (shaggy Mane) and/or Anellaria also have jet black sporeprints...



This makes me lost.

Imho, mushroom-guides are most essential for newbies, therefor they must be concrete and able to be trusted.


Lets update the mushroom guide?


Peace,

ghoo

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: ghoo]
    #1520243 -

coprinus dont usually grow from dung


--------------------
"Religion without science is blind, Science without religion is lame." Albert Einstein

"peace is not maintained through force it is acheived through intelligence." Albert Einstein

"Those who desire to give up Freedom in order to gain Security, will not have, nor do they deserve, either one."
Thomas Jefferson

"To compel a man to furnish contributions of money for the propagation of opinions which he disbelieves and abhors, is sinful and tyrannical." --Thomas Jefferson

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: blaze2]
    #1520555 -

The following Genera beolong to the family of Coprinacea and include: Coprinus, Annalaria, Panaeolus and Copelandia and they all have black spore prints. The former are not psychoactive and the latter two genera are.

Copelandia and Panaeolus grow directly out of manure.

WE were talking about psilocybian mushrooms.

Panaeolus have mushrooms with [psilocybine/psilocine and then they one ones which do not.

All 13 species of Copelanda have psilocybine/psilocine in them.

Nopt all pastures have magic shrooms growing in them and then that depends on when the cattle are in the pens or paddocks and how they move to and from from vartious penned in areas for feeding purposes and after four to six weeks of decomposition of the manure and the right weather conditions can make for or not produce a good crop of shromms.

One is more likely to find Panaeolussubbalteatus in composting hay then in manure.

One will always find Copelandia species in manure, form one to 200 or more mushrooms in a single cowpie.

In short grass in manure or in tall grass in manure.

And the species is usually one or two Copelandias in a partucular field.

P. cubensis grow in manure, but the majority of Psilocybian mushrooms (191 species) grow in manured soil or in woodchips and bark mulch and not directly in manure.

mj

Edited by mjshroomer (05/04/03 09:47 PM)

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1522056 -

So is it safe to say that any mushroom with a jet-black sporeprint that grow in British Columbia in the spring is Hallucinogenic, or at least edible? How about one with a light grey print?


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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: Wysefool]
    #1522097 -

Listen to MJ, he's cool man!

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: ]
    #1522476 -

First off the only black-spored shroom in BC would be panaeolus subbalteatus. ANd you would more likely find it in rotted hay or a hay compost heap at a riding stable or a race track int he spring before the hot summer months and right after the hort summer months.

That is because i is the most common of the Panaeolus with psilocine/psilocybine.

The Copelandia's do not exist in B.C.

They are a tropical and subtropical species, although ocassionaly one might find one or two specimens in a lifetime inbthe PNW.

SO the only black spored shroom you would want would grow where I just said it would but Panaelus subbalteatus are rare in manure in the PNW.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1595700 -

so John, you're SURE that the ONLY black-spored mushroom in British Columbia would be Pan Subbs, because I found some mushrooms that look like

http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/Coprinus_micaceus(mgw-01).jpg

but the gills aren't white they're black as w/ the spores and you say the only black-spored mush is pan subbs, so what's the deal? should I eat these?


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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: Wysefool]
    #1595727 -

Quoting from MJ's post #1520555:
Quote:
The following Genera beolong to the family of Coprinacea and include: Coprinus, Annalaria, Panaeolus and Copelandia and they all have black spore prints. The former are not psychoactive and the latter two genera are.

Copelandia and Panaeolus grow directly out of manure.

WE were talking about psilocybian mushrooms.



If your mushrooms look like the Coprinus micaceus in that Mykoweb photo then they are likely to be that species. Look closely at the cap surface (use a magnifier if possible) and see if there are some tiny, mica-like particles (sort of like glitter). If so, then they are Coprinus micaceus. If not, they could be a number of other mushrooms. It is possible to wash off the particles, so absence doesn't confirm that they aren't - it would just mean that you couldn't confirm that they were.

Happy mushrooming!


--------------------
Happy mushrooming!

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: ToxicMan]
    #1595822 -

No what I saidc was that Panaeolus subbalteatus is the only black-spored psilocybian mushroom, and so are the Copelandia mushrooms. However Copes are proabably would be extremely rare, meaning one or two in twenty yerars. So that leaves Panaeolus subbalteatus whcih usually is found in Hay compost heaps and sometimes rare in manure of Cow and sometimes horse.

As I noted above, hay compost is usually straw and horse manure mixed together, However they grow diirectly from hay also, which is their primary habitat.

The compost heaps can also have nut shells inthem.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1610501 -

.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1626670 -


i live in buffalo newyork and i found then in a park


--------------------
I AM THAT I AM

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: dave12]
    #1626979 -

uhhhh, those pics are extremely bad.

try again!

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1627016 -

Quote:
You really do not need metol to test your shrooms and I am not sure it photo shops still sell it.

The bluing in a species is natural ffrom natural damages to the shrooms from wind, rain, falling leaves slugs chewing on them, humans walking on them. They all leave bluing maerks from damage to a fresh shroom or one in aging process.



Metol's readily available -- if you have access to a real hard-core photography shop. If not, there's always B&H -- http://www.bhphotovideo.com

Metol isn't exactly common because it's used in a rather old process, but a lot of photographers still swear by it.

100g metol runs about nine bucks US.

I intend to pick some up. The blueing reaction of the bruised fruit alone is not a surefire indicator of psilocin/psilobycin content.

...I hope this post doesn't violate any rules about vendors, etc, but since it's related to identification and thus safety, and it's perfectly legal, I figure it's probably ok.


--------------------
"Do we want the stars? We can have them. Can we borrow cups of fire from the sun? We can and must and light the world." --"On the Shoulders of Giants", Ray Bradbury

All of my posts are full of fiction and blatant lies.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: MagmaManiac]
    #1627046 -

...I also have to say that some of the information, the way it was given, seems somewhat dangerous.

Quote:
If the sporeprint is jet black, then the mushroom belongs to one of the following genera: Panaeolus and/or Copelandia species.


This should be reworded to "If the sporeprint is not jet black, then the mushroom is not Panaeolus or Copelandia," or "Panaeolus and Copelandia drop black sporeprints, but are not the only genera which do so."

I realise that, in context, this is the way that that statement should be read -- but information such as this should be made quite explicitely clear.


--------------------
"Do we want the stars? We can have them. Can we borrow cups of fire from the sun? We can and must and light the world." --"On the Shoulders of Giants", Ray Bradbury

All of my posts are full of fiction and blatant lies.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: Sev]
    #1627159 -

i believe the only mushrooms with black spore prints are a few species of Gomphidiaceae and the coprinus and panaeolus genuses of Coprinaceae.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: MagmaManiac]
    #1628298 -

HE has posted that image in four diffferent threads. this is irritating.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: MagmaManiac]
    #1628304 -

Coprinus, Anellaria, Copelandia and Panaeolus are black spored mushrooms.

Panaeolina are chocolate brown spored mushrooms.

Panaeolus and Copelandia grow dire tly from dung. Panaeolus subbalteatus nbeing the primariy psychoactive panaeolus speciies is more commonin rotted hay and in compost heaps than from directly in manure of cattle and horses.

Corpinus are inky caps and can easily be differentiated form the psychoactive Panaeolus or the 13 species of Copelandia which are commonin cow and buffalo shit.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1628308 -

I would also like to opoint out that only a small percentage of the 191 species of psilocybian mushrooms occur in manure. The majority of them occur in habitats other than manure.

mjshroom

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus. [Re: mjshroomer]
    #1628827 -

yes, sir. nice info.

those are the four genera of the Coprinaceae, as you stated earlier.

also, the gomphidiaceae, consisting of the Gomphidius and Chroogomphus genera have smoky-gray to black spore prints. a few species of Chroogomphus also have deep green-black-gray spore prints, so the the family is not consistently black-spored like coprinaceae, but there a lot of species with black spore prints.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: ]
    #2070983 -

I think you did a GREAT job of putting so much useful information in that post, with so little words. I could never have done that! Thanks for the extremely useful information mjshroomer!

Peace


--------------------
I come alive in the darkness.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: DMJ]
    #2072137 -

I'm curious, are there any posionous mushrooms within the Coprinus, Anellaria, Copelandia and Panaeolus generas?

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: Imobiletoe]
    #2072665 -

oprinus atramentarius contains disuferam like properties, which when eaten in conjunction with alcohol will cause a person to retch and vomit for up to 7 days later if alcohol is consumed in that period.

mj

On the other hand Coprinus comatus (shaggy mane) is a highly edilble shroom if sliced fresh and fried lightly (sauteed) in garlic a, buutter and a drop or two of lemon.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: no-tone]
    #2074426 -

- Post History Deleted Upon User's Request -

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: ]
    #2076517 -

Mr. Mushroom, I personally still consider Psilocyvbe cubensis to be a Stropharia.

So in one way I am correct, although, in the genus Psilocybe the pellicle is only one characteristic of the genera.

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #2076862 -

- Post History Deleted Upon User's Request -

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: no-tone]
    #2724497 -

so what about any thing refering to the brown and choclate spores or black what does do that but isnt edible? please answer this cause no one is answering my posts

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: JoeyBond]
    #2724796 -

Your first sentence makes no sense.

mj

Psilocybes have chocolate to purple brown p spores.

Panaeolus and Copelandia have jet black. There is no purple tinges in jet black spores.

Different families have different colored spore prints and that is how one differentiates betwenen various specie sof fungi.

Read the faqs

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: Anonymous]
    #6903234 -

Ok, I have found what I believe are Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms.

They were growing in clusters out of some composting hay bales. The temperature has been mild and humid/rainy for the last week or some. So the climate seems right. I picked some and started to dry them, but I figured before ingesting them I'd post a couple pictures and let someone else give me their opinion.

These are partially dried. If needed, I can go back tonight and find some fresh ones. They won't be mature like these were but, I can get them.

Are these Panaeolus subbalteatus?


Pic 2


Ok, I live in Tulsa, Oklahoma. That's NE Oklahoma for those not familiar. I found these in a rural area growing out of composting hay bales, in humid weather. When they were first picked the younger caps had a reddish-brown/cinnamon coloration an an almost cone like shape. The more matured ones had a nipple at the top, a lighter color of brown and the outer parts of the cap gradually got lighter in color. The mature caps were more rounded than coned.

The stems are long, stringy and hollow. While I was picking I noticed that some of the mushrooms that were growing had been bruised. They were of a bluish-black ink like color.

Anyway, before I eat these. Have I correctly identified Panaeolus subbalteatus?

Much appreciated.

-slug

Edited by nefarious slug (05/11/07 08:18 PM)

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: nefarious slug]
    #6903367 -

NO Your mushrooms are not Panaeolus subbalteatus

mj

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #6903505 -

Sadly no, they are not subbalteatus.
Dried mushrooms are hard to identify but the white stem is a dead giveaway.
Subbalteatus has a reddish stem and look a LOT different.
Check the vast amount of info on this website for additional help on ID'ing subbs.

...and read the forum rules so you can write out a correct ID request next time.


welcome to the shroomery stranger.


--------------------
My Panaeolus subbalteatus Guide
http://www.shroomery.org/9608/Subbedhunter420s-Guide-to-Hunting-and-Identifying-Panaeolus-subbalteatus

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: Subbedhunter420]
    #6903524 -

and i think its time to close this thread. '03... geez


--------------------
My Panaeolus subbalteatus Guide
http://www.shroomery.org/9608/Subbedhunter420s-Guide-to-Hunting-and-Identifying-Panaeolus-subbalteatus

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: Subbedhunter420]
    #6903663 -

Are they even active? Are they dangerous? Of what species are they? Or can you not tell at all? I know identifying dried mushrooms must be much more difficult. I have been looking for information and picture resources for a couple of days and have still not found any concrete information as to what these are. They seemed to fit the description of pan subbs. Growing out of decomposing hay stacks. If I take some pictures of freshly picked ones would it be easier to identify them?


Thank you much,

-slug

EDIT: I apologize for not reading the rules before posting. I will use the correct format in the future. I am going to take pictures of Fresh mushrooms and spore prints tonight. I will come back with that stuff tomorrow.

Edited by nefarious slug (05/11/07 08:09 PM)

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: nefarious slug]
    #6903859 -

Hi Slug, I like your name.  :smile:

Your mushrooms might be Psathyrella or perhaps Bolbitius or something.... Fresh specimens and a spore print will help resolve the identity.  Please make a new thread for your mushrooms when you get those images and info.  We're gonna let this old thread sink.


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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #10170421 -

are EDIBLE PSYCHOACTIVE mushrooms the only ones that will turn blue and give a blue spore print? or are there poisonous mushrooms that can harm me that will give a blue spore print and turn blue from damage to the stalk or cap?

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mcmahon66]
    #10170753 -

This thread is almost 2 years old.:smirk:

I think that blue bruising and a purple spore print is what you ought to be looking for.

There are mushrooms that bruise blue that can make you very ill but they won't have a purple spore print.

There are Stropharia mushrooms that have a purple print that can make you ill as well but they won't bruise blue.

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: DannyGlick]
    #10171031 -

DannyGlick said:
There are Stropharia mushrooms that have a purple print that can make you ill as well but they won't bruise blue.


Here is a stropharia that bruises blue sometimes and is often confused for a psilocybe.

http://www.mushroomexpert.com/stropharia_aeruginosa.html

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: weiliiiiiii]
    #10171072 -

Ah but does it bruise blue or is it just blue?

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Re: How to identify Psilocybe Species and Panaeolus. (Illus.) [Re: mjshroomer]
    #10171236 -

This thread has been closed.

Reason:
Quote:
are EDIBLE PSYCHOACTIVE mushrooms the only ones that will turn blue and give a blue spore print?


Psychoactive mushrooms never have a blue spore print.

Quote:
or are there poisonous mushrooms that can harm me that will give a blue spore print and turn blue from damage to the stalk or cap?


There are many poisonous mushrooms which bruise blue when damaged.

The rule is that all mushrooms which have a black or dark purple brown spore print and bruise blue where damaged contain psilocybin.

Stropharia aeruginosa starts out blue and fades to tan, it doesn't get bluer in the places where it is damaged.

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