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OfflinetheMallacht
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Registered: 04/25/09
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Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii)
    #12510853 - 05/05/10 01:43 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

Jacked this from another forum, it's from the Toronto Cactus Society. I thought you guys would definitely appreciate it. It's a great read, I like that it's kind of short and to the point. Enjoy



Historical Timeline of Peyote

3700 BCE - Native Americans in the Rio Grande (Shumla Caves) area collected Mescaline containing Peyote  buttons.

1000 BCE - Peyote  used ceremonially by indigenous cultures in Texas and Mexico.

Jun 15, 1521 - The use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and Peyote are driven underground as use of "non-alcohol" intoxicants is forbidden by Europeans in Mexico. Catholic priests punish the use of entheogens by native people.

100BC to 200AD - Funerary art from the Colima culture. The earliest images of cacti are of those with hallucinogenic properties: Echinopsis pachanoi from Peru (c.1300BC) and Lophophora species in Mexico dating back to around 300BC.

1560 – Spanish priest Bernardino de Sahagún writes in his Florentine Codex about the use of Peyote  and hallucinogenic mushrooms by the Chichimeca Indians of Mexico. He called it Peyotl and estimates it has been in use since at least 300 B.C. due to evidence found in a snuffing pipe from the Monte Alban culture.

1550 – 1750 - Determined effort by Spaniards to stamp out Peyote  practices amongst native Mexicans. Peyote  use is denounced by European Catholics as an act of witchcraft and superstition because it was for "purposes of detecting thefts, of divining other happenings and foretelling future events." Its use was equated with cannibalism in some catholic texts.
The first manuscript reference to the Peyote cactus was in a report of the Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagun in his Historia general de las cosas de Nuevo Espana (general history of the things of new Spain), but not formally published until 1829.

1591 - Probably the most important early medical description of the effects of Peyote is that of the physician Juan de Cardenas, whose work was published in Mexico in 1591 under the title Problemas y secretos maravillosos de las indias (Problems and Miracle secrets of the Indians).

1638 - The first proper botanical description of Peyote is made by Hernandez, the naturalist of Philip II of Spain. Gave Peyote its first name “Peyoti zacatensis”.

1760 - There is some evidence that the use of Peyote  has spread into the United States.

1845 - Apparently the French botanist Charles Lemaire was the first person to publish a botanical name for Peyote, but unfortunately the name that Lemaire used for the plant, Echinocactus williamsii appeared without description and only in a horticultural catalog. Therefore, it was necessary for Prince Salm-Dyck, another European botanist, to provide the necessary description to botanically validate Lemaire's binomial. No illustration accompanied either the Lemaire name or the description by Salm-Dyck.

1847 - The first picture of Peyote  appeared in Curtis' Botanical Magazine (See Image 1 above).

1870s - Peyote use spreads more widely into the United States.

1872 - Peyote classification changed to Anhalonium williamsii by Voss.

1886 - Theodore Rumpler proposed that Peyote  be removed from Echinocactus and placed in the new segregate genus Anhalonium, thus making the binomial A. williamsii, a name which soon became widely used throughout Europe and the U.S.

1887 - Dried Peyote buttons are distributed by Parke Davis & Co.

1888 - Botanist Paul Hennings published a report on Lophophora chemistry, leading to further investigations by other botanists.

Late 1800s - North American Indians brought back knowledge of Peyote from raids on Mexico. Along with another contemporary movement, the Ghost Dance, Peyote use spread quickly among the Indian tribes of America. Indian prophets like Quanah Parker added Christianity to traditional beliefs and formed the basis of the Peyote ritual practiced most commonly today by the Native American Church.

1890s - The German chemist Arthur Heffter received a shipment of poorly documented and incorrectly identified Peyote  specimens for laboratory analysis. These plants were to be the basis of some of the most important, and confusing pioneer chemical studies of Peyote. Heffter discovered that the plants he had received belonged to two distinct groups based on the alkaloids present but he claimed that he was unable to distinguish the groups on structural or morphological grounds. Since he had no collection and field data he decided that Peyote simply consisted of two chemical forms. Jan G. Bruhn of the University of Uppsala and Bo Holmstedt of the Swedish Medical Research Council have thoroughly researched the literature dealing with this period of Peyote history; their conclusion is that Heffter's batch of plants actually consisted of the two distinct species of Peyote, which do have definite alkaloid differences. A better botanical understanding of the group, as well as proper scientific data, would have prevented the introduction of much confusing information into the literature that has persisted for more than seventy-five years.

1891 - Additional confusion concerning the botanical classification of Peyote occurred when the American botanist John Coulter transferred Peyote to Mammillaria, a genus commonly called the pincushion or nipple cactus.

1892 - German explorer Lumhotz described ceremonial Peyote use among the Huichol and Tarahumara, and sent samples of the cacti to Harvard for Botanical analysis.

1894 - A European named S. Voss confused things once again by placing Peyote in Ariocarpus, the valid name for a distinct, and quite different group of plants that had been also called Anhalonium.

1894 - John Coulter did a taxonomic study on Peyote  and described it as the genus Lophophora, the name from the Greek lophos, crest, and phoreus, bearer, thus crest bearer, referring to the crests or tufts of hairs borne on each tubercle. This helped clarify the nomenclatural situation because Peyote had been included in at least five different genera of cacti by the end of the nineteenth century. The group of plants commonly called and used as Peyote  is unique within the cactus family and deserves separation as the distinct genus Lophophora.

1896 Dec. - Two early experience reports describing the effects of a Peyote extract are published in The British Medical Journal.

1897 - Nov 23, Mescaline is first isolated and identified by German chemist Arthur Heffter.

1902 - An early article on Peyote titled "Mescal: A Study of a Divine Plant" is published in Popular Science Monthly.

1918 - The Native American Church is formed. James Mooney, a Smithsonian Institute archeologist who traveled through Oklahoma in 1891 participating in various Peyote ceremonies, became convinced of the need to unite the Indians and protect their legal right to worship with Peyote . He called together meeting of all of the great roadmen in 1918 where he wrote the charter for and incorporated the Native American Church.

1919 - Mescaline is first synthesized by Ernst Spath.

1922 - An estimated 13,000-22,000 ceremonial users of Peyote in the U.S.

1927 - An extensive study of mescaline's effects was published in Der Meskalinrausch (The Mescaline High).

1930 - Over a dozen states had outlawed possession of Peyote, largely as an anti Native American statement.

1944Lophophora Echinata var. Diffusa was validly published by Croizat

1945 Oct. - US Navy Technical Mission reports on Mescaline experiments at the Nazi Dachau concentration camp.

1947 - U.S. Navy initiates Mescaline studies under the auspices of 'Project Chatter'.

1952 - Dr. Humphry Osmond begins working with hallucinogens at a hospital in Saskatchewan, looking at the similarity between Mescaline and the adrenaline molecule.

1953 – In May, Aldous Huxley tries Mescaline  (400 mg) for the first time under the supervision of Dr. Humphrey Osmond. During the experience, he commented "This is how one ought to see, how things really are."

1954 - The Doors of Perception by Aldous Huxley is published describing his 1953 experience with mescaline.

1960 - Arizona Judge Yale McFate rules that Native Americans are guaranteed access to the Peyote sacrament under the First and Fourteenth amendments.

1967 - Peyote is banned federally in the U.S.

1967 - H.H.Bravo found near Queretaro in south-central Mexico another species which he named L. Diffusa. This plant is yellow-green, soft, and ribless and contains a somewhat different alkaloid mixture with far less Mescaline if any at all than L. Williamsii.

1970 Oct 27, - The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act is passed. Part II of this is the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) which defines a scheduling system for drugs. It places most of the known hallucinogens (LSD, Psilocybin, Psilocin, Mescaline, Peyote, Cannabis, & MDA) in Schedule I. It places coca, cocaine and injectable methamphetamine in Schedule II. Other amphetamines and stimulants, including non-injectable methamphetamine are placed in Schedule III.

1991 - Alexander and Ann Shulgin publish PiHKAL, documenting over 250 phenethylamines, including MDMA, Mescaline, 2C-B, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-2, and many others.

2005 - The abstract below was retrieved from Pubmed, a part of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI):
Title: "Prehistoric Peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas." J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Oct 3;101(1-3):238-42. Two archaeological specimens of Peyote  buttons, i.e. dried tops of the cactus Lophophora Williamsii (Lem.) Coulter, from the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio, was subjected to radiocarbon dating and alkaloid analysis. The samples were presumably found in Shumla Cave No. 5 on the Rio Grande, Texas. Radiocarbon dating shows that the calibrated 14C age of the weighted mean of the two individual dated samples corresponds to the calendric time interval 3780-3660 BC (one sigma significance). Alkaloid extraction yielded approximately 2% of alkaloids. Analysis with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) led to the identification of Mescaline  in both samples. No other Peyote alkaloids could be identified. The two Peyote  samples appear to be the oldest plant drug ever to yield a major bioactive compound upon chemical analysis. The identification of Mescaline  strengthens the evidence that native North Americans recognized the psychotropic properties of Peyote  as long as 5700 years ago.


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Edited by themallacht (05/05/10 01:44 PM)


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InvisibleRazzl3Frazzl3
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: theMallacht]
    #12510979 - 05/05/10 02:11 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

Thanks! That was a cool read!

Whitey holding back freedoms for as long as they've been around.....


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Invisiblekarode13Facebook
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Registered: 05/19/05
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: theMallacht]
    #12513388 - 05/05/10 08:57 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

Quote:

US Navy Technical Mission reports on Mescaline experiments at the Nazi Dachau concentration camp.





One could only imagine the horrors that those under the influence experienced.



Good read Mallacht! Shame you opted out.  :peyotebutton:


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Offlinejben
Don't panic, it's organic
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: karode13]
    #12513497 - 05/05/10 09:10 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

"One could only imagine the horrors that those under the influence experienced."

too true, thats some fucked up shit man. I'd love to learn more about that sometime.


--------------------
Don't panic, it's organic!


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OfflinetheMallacht
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: karode13]
    #12514233 - 05/05/10 11:17 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

Quote:

karode13 said:
Quote:

US Navy Technical Mission reports on Mescaline experiments at the Nazi Dachau concentration camp.





One could only imagine the horrors that those under the influence experienced.



Good read Mallacht! Shame you opted out.  :peyotebutton:




Thanks man... It took me a while to put all of the formatting back in there, bold, italics, spaced right and all that... I figured you guys would appreciate that.

Yeah, I wish I didn't have to opt out but those fucking douche bags from OTD man, they did just about the worst ratings raping ever on me, those god damn inbreds.


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Invisiblekarode13Facebook
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: theMallacht]
    #12514987 - 05/06/10 02:27 AM (13 years, 8 months ago)

lol, the old otd shenanigans aye. If you had kept posting they would of leveled out in time.


But yeah, thanks for taking the time to put this up.  :smoking:


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OfflineDeeGee
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: karode13]
    #12515669 - 05/06/10 09:05 AM (13 years, 8 months ago)

After a little bit of research (looking at wikipedia) it seems I can eat all the peyote I want if I join the Native American Church, and conduct bona fide religious ceremonies.
:indian:


--------------------
DG
:plur:


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OfflinetheMallacht
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Registered: 04/25/09
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: DeeGee]
    #12517068 - 05/06/10 02:09 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

Yep, the main problem right now is that many of the more traditional tribes REFUSE to accept cultivated (especially grafted) peyote so the wild reserves are running out... They are being forced to harvest smaller and smaller specimens each year, and nothing is being given enough time to replenish itself naturally..

If they don't change their ways and start accepting cultivated peyote, they are going to be in trouble.


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OfflineCactusdan
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: theMallacht]
    #12517258 - 05/06/10 02:40 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

It's not necessarily all their fault either.

I believe it is still against the law for the NAC to cultivate L. williamsii.

Here's a great site on the issue:

www.cactusconservation.org

This is the thing that scares me:



Look how many damn buttons they're consuming in a year!

+1,500,000...

It's sad.


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OfflinetheMallacht
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: Cactusdan]
    #12517308 - 05/06/10 02:48 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

It's their religion though man. They don't think of it as hurting a precious cactus like you do. It's medicine to them, a sacred rite.

The thing that really scares ME about that chart is that it appears they are getting less and less peyote for a higher and higher price.... Typical.


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OfflineCactusdan
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: theMallacht]
    #12517354 - 05/06/10 02:55 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

The reason that's happening is because the populations are dwindling.

Whenever there is a higher demand for something that is less available the price will sky rocket.

The Native Americans have always held the environment with at least some high regard, and a vast reason why the numbers are decreasing are from contracted harvesters (usually not native americans) who don't harvest them properly and care more about the $$$$.


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OfflineDeeGee
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: Cactusdan]
    #12520190 - 05/06/10 11:57 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

*erases everything*

I consider myself a pretty tranquil dude, but some things certainly piss me off... :crankey:

EDIT:  :lophcrankey:


--------------------
DG
:plur:


Edited by DeeGee (05/06/10 11:58 PM)


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Invisibleferrel_human
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: theMallacht]
    #12523175 - 05/07/10 04:42 PM (13 years, 8 months ago)

Quote:

themallacht said:

Jun 15, 1521 - The use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and Peyote are driven underground as use of "non-alcohol" intoxicants is forbidden by Europeans in Mexico. Catholic priests punish the use of entheogens by native people.






typical cathotlics. :nonono:

trying to impose those stupid beliefs on everyone. :rolleyes:


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Nature is my church and walking through it is gospel. It tells no lies and reveals all to those who look, and listen, closely.
-Karode


Looking for Mimosa tenuiflora seeds. Buttons for trade


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OfflineLaineRB
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: theMallacht]
    #13550528 - 11/27/10 10:11 PM (13 years, 2 months ago)

Quote:

themallacht said:
Yep, the main problem right now is that many of the more traditional tribes REFUSE to accept cultivated (especially grafted) peyote so the wild reserves are running out...




Hmmm...I wouldn't doubt that there are some tribes that refuse to accept cultivated peyote, but I personally haven't been to a NAC meeting where the medicine wasn't cultivated in about 10 years. My own tribe has a benefactor who cultivates for our usage and I have even substituted other psychoactive cacti for the use of my family during our ceremonies.

Perception is changing especially amongst us younger practioners of the NAC. I recognize that this sacred cacti won't be around much longer if we keep harvesting it, but more improtantly habitat destruction will also lead to it's extinction. Greater awareness and education in regards to environmental impact is needed by everyone; not just amongst NAC members.


Anyway, for your time line medicine was brought to my mother's tribe in 1890 by my great-great-great-great grandfather. He trained with Ute Roadmen sometime before this and I am not certain when it came to them, but many believe it has been practiced north of Mexico for quite some time.


Edited by LaineRB (11/27/10 10:18 PM)


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Offlinezinyop
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: LaineRB]
    #13550593 - 11/27/10 10:26 PM (13 years, 2 months ago)

Interesting. good to hear about the cultivation.

Just wondering what substitutes have been utilised LaineRB?
good on you btw:wink:
I'm assuming probably various Trichocereus spp. just going on chemical constituents and ease of availability in cultivation...
though they are South American and North American indian tribes also utilised some types of Mammillaria, Epithelantha and Coryphantha spp. amongst others so I'm unsure.


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OfflineLaineRB
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: zinyop]
    #13550676 - 11/27/10 10:44 PM (13 years, 2 months ago)

Primarily Peruvian Torch. I do hope that this substitution method becomes more wide spread and we can still respect Peyote by tending it and being it's stewards rather than consuming it.


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Offlinezinyop
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: LaineRB]
    #13550857 - 11/27/10 11:33 PM (13 years, 2 months ago)

Yes good idea!


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OfflineLaineRB
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Re: Historical Timeline of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) [Re: zinyop]
    #13551756 - 11/28/10 08:54 AM (13 years, 2 months ago)

Ta-ah. Anyway, one of my grandfathers said that Grandpa Peyote came to him and said that one day all the medicine will be gone unless we act and try to preserve it, he had this vision during one of his last meeting. I hope to encourage this belief amongst the elders of our religion because their words carry so much more weight than us younger members. I hope to go with him and other Roadmen to the next NAC conference to hopefully make the discussion of conservation a major topic of discussion.


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