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Invisiblecactu
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post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi
    #9623080 - 01/16/09 07:49 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

hello all there is now more evidence that tell us about the past of mushrooms , i will love to share thought with people about it ,plus see pic, of the mushrooms , wich i know we have see a few thread around about the subject well we can gather more information  now, are you  up to join .
let`se the fossil
New fossils suggest that the cozy relationship enjoyed by green plants and fungi today may have originated nearly half a billion years ago. In fact, according to a report in the September 2000 issue of the journal Science, a primeval pas de deux with fungi may have given green plants a toehold on land.

Botanist Linda K. Graham of the University of Wisconsin and a student coaxed the new specimens out of sediments collected in Wisconsin that were dated to 460 million years ago. Unsure of exactly what they might be, they turned to fossil fungi expert Dirk Redecker, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California at Berkeley, who identified the remains as the spores and rootlike threads, or hyphae (right), of fungi similar to those in the modern genus Glomus. The new fossils push the date for the earliest terrestrial fungi back by about 60 million years to the time when plants started taking over the land.

The vast majority of today's green plants form associations with so-called mycorrhizal fungi, which help them to absorb nutrients. Although the researchers did not find fossil green plants with the new fossil fungi, modern Glomus species are known to keep company with liverworts and hornworts--relatives of the only land plants present at the time of these fossils. And previously known fossils demonstrate that micorrhizal fungi were hanging around more advanced plants by 400 million years ago. Taking that into consideration, the researchers propose a similar partnership between the first land plants and the fungi represented by the new fossils.

Fungi from the lower carboniferus age in france..

"It is becoming increasingly clear that not only
were fungi well preserved during Phanerozolc time
(Taylor, 1993), but that their geological history
provides important details about the possible
origin and subsequent radiation of major groups.
In addition, the fossil record documents the interactions
of fungi with other organisms (Taylor
et al., 1992; Hass et al., 1993), and as such, offers
a method whereby certain types of symbioses can
be investigated from the fossil record. Finally,
documenting the occurrence of fungi throughout
geologic time provides the only direct method by
which phylogenies based on molecular characters
can be independently tested."
http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1994%5D%20Taylor%20et%20al.-Fungi%20from%20the%20Lower%20Carboniferous%20of%20central%20France.pdf
"http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1995%5D%20Taylor%20et%20al.-Fossil%20arbuscular%20mycorrhizae%20from%20the%20Early%20Devonian.pdf
Hass, H, Taylor, T N and Remy, W., 1993. Fungi from the
Lower Devoman Rhyme chert mycoparasltlsm Am J Bot,

"Phylogenetic age"
The knowledge of the origin of fungi is based mainly on comparative studies of recent species. The fossil record is highly insufficient, only some 500 species of fungi are known. Their distribution in the fungal system reflects the frequencies of their substrates. Thus records on epiphyllous fungi from the Tertiary period (Eocene-Miocene) are abundant due to the fact that many leaves of angiosperms from this period have been found. In the same way most of the fungi known from the Carboniferous period are wood-inhabiting, caused by the commercial investigation of coal-layers. There are remarkably few fossil fungi known from the periods in between. The frequency of parasitic fungi among the fossils does not reflect a high ratio of parasitic/saprophytic species, but might be caused by the lower probability of preservation of saprophytic organisms.

Evolutionary schemes, based on studies of certain biochemical synthesis pathways (of for instance cell wall components, and biosynthesis of lysine and tryptophan) suggest an evolutionary line from ancestral Chytridiomycetes to the first Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes (Bartnicki-Garcia, 1970), see figure 2. This investigation confirms the theories of relationship between some of the fungal classes based on comparative morphological and biological studies. It doesn't, however, fill the gape in our knowledge of the origin of the groups known today.

Figure 2. Evolutionary scheme based on the studies of Bartnicki-Garcia (1970) of biosynthesis pathways.

As ancestors for the group formerly named the Phycomycetes, which are older than the other groups, different classes have been pointed out: Algaae and Protozoa. Non-septate hyphae-like filaments are dated back to 2000 mill. years ago. This is at the same time of the first Eucaryotes. This suggests a Procaryotic ancestor to this group, for instance the Blue-green Algae, or another more primitive Procaryote organism. Simple heterotrophs are necessary in any functioning ecosystem, thus explaining the role of fungi already in that period (Tiffney & Barghoorn, 1974).

The Myxomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes are all known from the Devonian-Carboniferous period, that is 300-400 mill. years ago (Figure 1). These four groups are well distinguished at this time, and it is unlikely that they are derived from each other (Tiffney & Barghoorn, 1974), maybe except the Basidiomycetes which are a bit younger. According to different theories the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes can be derived from (1) Phycomycetes, (2) Red Algae. (Another theory points out the Protozoa as ancestor. In that case the Taphrinales will be the primitive part of the Ascomycetes.)

Figure 1. The Classes of Fungi in geological times (Tiffney & Barghoorn, 1974).

(1) Phycomycete ancestor. According to the theory of Savile (1955, 1968) the first Ascomycetes were the result of a selection pressure for airborne spore-dispersal in Phycomycetes which were parasitic in the early land plants. The first land plants appeared in the Silurian, 420 mill. years ago.

Figure 3. The relationship between the Ascomycetes and their ancestors according to Savile (1955, 1968).

(2) Red Algae. Studies of the occurrence of the co-enzymes NADP and NAD show that Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes represent a primitive form, close to the Procaryotes and primitive Eucaryotes. Other biochemical studies support the hypothesis that Red Algae might be the ancestor of Ascomycetes (Demoulin, 1974). Red Algae present a wide range of specific parasites on other algae. According to this theory, parasitism seems to be the first step in heterotrophic life, taken by Red Algae ancestral to fungi. Saprophytism could have evolved later from necrotrophic parasites. Parasitism in Red Algae seems to originate through adelphoparasitism (parasitism restricted to closely related species), so a complete sequence will be: Autotrophic life - Adelphoparasitism - Biotrophic alloparasitism - Necrotrophic alloparasistism - Saprophytism. Necrotrophic parasitism could have evolved as an answer to hypersensitivity, which acts as an effective reaction against biotrophic parasites in some hosts. By possibly killing their hosts necrotrophic parasites may not be as efficient as biotrophic ones, which may retain themselves alive for a longer time, but with the development of vascular plants they have found - in the decaying of their remains - an ecological niche that allowed an explosive evolution of saprophytic forms (Demoulin, 1974). The first Basidiomycetes would have been very close to the recent rustspecies, but are supposed to have parasitized algae. Marine rusts may still exist (marine Ustilaginales were recently discovered). By comparison between the Red Algal trigenetic life-cycle and the long rust cycle it is possible to support the theory of relationship between the two groups (Demoulin, 1974). The emergence from the sea could have taken place in either of two ways: (1) Parasites following algae in their conquest of land. (2) Driftwood colonization preceeding the emergence from the sea. Closed and hypogeous fruiting bodies were certainly evolved as a response to desiccation. A parallel for this is the presentday driftwood-inhabiting Pyrenomycetes which produce perithecia buried in the sand (Demoulin, 1974).

Figure 4. Evolutionary scheme based on the theory of Demoulin (1974).

Saprophytism seems to have evolved again simultaneously or after the origin of the Basidiomycetes. Some dubious fossil species of Agaricales are as old as the first rust fungi 300 mill. years, certain agarics 150 mill. years younger (Tiffney & Barghoorn, 1974).

In these theories parasitism is a very old way of life. Of course saprophytism exists in all ecosystems, but it is likely to have evolved independently during the geological ages. Both theories describe an evolution in the direction from parasitism to saprophytism. In these instances saprophytism is an advanced character. Many soilborne fungi increase their ability of survival by having saprophytic stages. The theories create an argument against the "dead-end-theory". On the other hand, parasitism is a possible life strategy for a long period. An example is the rust fungi. Their phylogenetic age is considerable, thus indicating a high level of evolutionary potential.
from here http://chaos.bibul.slu.se/sll/slu/vaxtskyddsnotiser/VSN86-6/VSN86-6B.HTM
shoot 1


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cuando una rafaga del pensamiento nos pasa  al lado se puede sentir  que valio  la pena  haber vivido, y cuando ese pensamiento se  convierte en sueño no paramos de soñar hasta realizarlo

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Invisiblecactu
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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: cactu]
    #9627119 - 01/17/09 04:18 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

pictures of  fossil mushrooms on amber :


Protomycena_electra

We report the discovery of a fossil agaricoid homobasidiomycete from Dominican amber (ca 15–20 Ma). Aureofungus yaniguaensis appears to be a member of the euagarics clade, but its precise taxonomic placement is obscure. This is the fourth known fossil agaric and the third from Dominican amber.

Key words: Agaricales, Aureofungus yaniguaensis, euagarics clade, paleomycology

Three fossil agarics are known to science. Coprinites dominicana Poinar and Singer and Protomycena electra Hibbett, Grimaldi and Donoghue are both from Dominican amber and are 15–20 million years old (Ma), while Archaeomarasmius leggeti Hibbett, Grimaldi and Donoghue is from Atlantic Coastal Plain amber and is 90–94 Ma (Grimaldi, Beck and Boon 1989Citation, Poinar and Singer 1990Citation, Hibbett et al 1995Citation, 1997Citation, Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1996Citation). Here, we report the discovery of a fourth fossil agaric (Figs. 1–5), which was collected in the Yanigua mine in the eastern Dominican Republic and purchased from an amber dealer living in the town of El Valle in August 2000. A single fruiting body is present (Figs. 1–2, 4), as well as many basidiospores that are laid down in masses, suggesting that they were produced by the fruiting body in the amber (Figs. 3, 5). Based on comparisons to Coprinites Poinar and Singer, Protomycena Hibbett, Grimaldi and Donoghue and Archaeomarasmius Hibbett, Grimaldi and Donoghue, we conclude that the fossil represents a previously undescribed genus and species.

Aureofungus yaniguaensis

Etymology – The generic name means "golden mushroom"; the epithet refers to the collection locality.

Aureofungus yaniguaensis is an agaricoid homobasidiomycete. The vast majority of such forms occur in the euagarics clade (= Agaricales pro parte), which contains about 8500 described species (Hawksworth et al 1995Citation, Hibbett and Thorn 2001Citation). The shape and stature of the fruiting body suggest that A. yaniguaensis might be related to the smaller pale-spored genera traditionally classified as Tricholomataceae (e.g., Collybia (Fr.) Staude, Mycena (Pers.) Roussel, Marasmius Fr., Marasmiellus Murrill), or perhaps certain non-deliquescent, dusky-spored taxa (e.g., Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers. : Fr.) J. E. Lange). Unfortunately, the anatomical characters that would be needed to resolve the placement of A. yaniguaensis could not be observed. Because of the thickness of the amber it was not possible to view the specimen with greater than a 10 x objective, which made it difficult to assess the ornamentation of the spores and the surface textures of the pileus and stipe. The spores appear to be pigmented (Fig. 3), which would suggest a relationship to extant chromosporic groups, but this could be an artifact of preservation or an optical effect of the amber. Lacking evidence of its precise taxonomic placement, we suggest that A. yaniguaensis should be classified as incertae sedis among the Agaricales, euagarics clade.


Coprinites dominicana

Coprinites dominicana gen.nov., spec.nov. (Coprinaceae) found in amber from the Dominican Republic is the earliest known gilled mushroom, the first fossil fleshy agaric determinable, and the only kiiown fossil "mushroom" (Agaricales) from the tropics. This find is of significance with respect to the evolutionary development of the Basidiomycetes. Because the appearance of this fossil is quite modern, it suggests that mushrooms as a group probably arose much earlier than the early to mid-Tertiary.
Quote:

Amatoxin said:
This extinct mushroom is the only known fossil tropical mushroom ever found. One of the smallest members of the so-called inky cap family, this specimen likely grew on the bark of the algarrobo tree with others of its kind. When the cinnamon-colored mushroom was overrun by a glob of resin, a tiny mite grazing on its cap was entombed forever in the very act of dining (see mite lower right).



I bet that chunk of amber's worth a pretty penny!  :laugh:






Many types of ancient fungi were also victims of tree resin. Some because they grew on the side of amber producing trees, others because big dollops of the ooze would slide or fall off the tree onto the forest floor. Either way, it entombed a treasure for those who happen to find it. This mushroom cap is order Coprinites family dominicana. Notice the small mite at the top right of the cap. Wrong place at the wrong time, huh?

Photograph courtesy Dr. George Poinar, from The Quest for Life in Amber

Archaeomarasmius leggetti


Fossil evidence (Archaeomarasmius) indicates that the euagarics clade is at least 90 million years old (Hibbett et al 1995Citation), and molecular clock studies suggest that the basidiomycetes as a whole could be anywhere from 500 million years to 1.2 billion years old (Berbee and Taylor 2001Citation, Heckman et al 2001Citation). Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee (1996)Citation suggested that all Dominican amber was formed in a single sedimentary basin during a 5 million year interval in the Miocene (15–20 Ma; contra Poinar and Singer 1990Citation). Thus, A. yaniguaensis does not affect the minimum age estimates for either the euagarics clade or the basidiomycetes. Nevertheless, fossil fungi in Dominican amber, such as A. yaniguaensis, are of value for understanding the ecology of Miocene ecosystems in the Caribbean and could help evaluate certain historical biogeographic hypotheses (see Hibbett 2001Citation for an example). The discovery of a third fossil agaric from Dominican amber suggests that many more such finds might lie in store.

-The oldest generally accepted fossil of mushroom-forming fungi (homobasidiomycetes) is Phellinites digiustoi, from the Jurassic of Patagonia. The next-oldest homobasidiomycete fossil does not occur until about 70 million years later, in the mid-Cretaceous. The goal of this project was to reassess the identity of Phellinites and refine the minimum-age estimate for the origin of homobasidiomycetes. We examined the holotype of Phellinites digiustoi and a second collection from the type locality. Thin sections were prepared from both collections. Phellinites has a cellular structure, confirming that it is biological in origin, but there are no hyphae, spores, or other fungal structures. Rather, Phellinites appears to be the outer bark (rhytidome) of a conifer. Fossils of Araucariaceae are common in the region where Phellinites was found, and so it is plausible that Phellinites is the bark of an Araucaria-like tree. The minimum age of the mushroom-forming fungi, based on direct fossil evidence, is revised to the mid-Cretaceous.







Edited by cactu (01/17/09 05:54 PM)

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InvisibleDannyGlick

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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: cactu]
    #9627217 - 01/17/09 04:33 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

I wish I could find a mushroom fossil.:sad:

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OfflineBeege
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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: DannyGlick]
    #9627249 - 01/17/09 04:40 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

amazing post

kind of jurassic park-ish

=p


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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: Beege]
    #9627282 - 01/17/09 04:46 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

Mad scientists should resurrect a Jurassic-era giant Psilocybe mushroom! :crazy2:


--------------------
"So can you tell me what exactly does freedom mean/
If I'm not free to be as twisted as I wanna be" -Divide by Disturbed

Good Guitars Don't Cry

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Invisiblecactu
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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: N2loma]
    #9627785 - 01/17/09 06:21 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

i bet you could  danny most are every where  just  that you need many equpement to do it . to separate the the rock front he organic component, so that take skill and notion of geology to find fossil mushrooms , but where you found carbon coal mines,or other sedimentary rock mines could provide many fossil of course  the well most preserve are in amber ,  in kansas there is many mushrooms fossils. qand places where oil is  underground, most of the times  you only found  rest of vegetation and spores  or hyphae , but sometimes a lucky impresion could  be there , :stoned:




Beege i love your sigh colors and N2loma  no shit ,
Jurassic Park can now Boast Mushrooms
n his book Jurassic Park, Micheal Crichton imagines the possibility to extracting dinosaur DNA from mosquitos entombed in amber and using the extracts to genetically engineer T-rex and Compies alike.  A recent discovery by an avid amber collector and scientists at Oregon State University may help enrich this park of the future: they found a 9 nine-hundredths-inch-long mushroom cap encased in a 100 million year piece of amber (yep, same age as some dinosaur fossils, conveniently enough).

To the avid mycologist out there, this should be the oldest known mushroom and will likely help our understanding of fungal evolution by providing another fossil for phylogeneticists to work with.  Want to read more about the mushroom and the discovery of a tripartite association of the shroom with ancient insects? Check out the Oregonian, then.
Examination of the nine-hundredths-inch-long mushroom cap revealed that it had been infected by an ancient parasite, which a second parasite was feeding on. "They're similar to pinwheel mushrooms that grow on the bark of modern trees. They dotted the trees 100 million years ago, so they probably were tasty treats for the dinosaurs to nibble on."
An Oregon scientist and a Kentucky nurse have found the oldest known mushroom, entombed in a 100-million-year-old piece of amber from Burma.

A closer examination of the nine-hundredths-inch-long mushroom cap revealed that it had been infected by an ancient parasite, which a second parasite was feeding on.

"I was amazed enough with the mushroom," said George Poinar, a retired entomology professor in Corvallis. "But then seeing the parasites was astonishing. No one has ever seen this three-tier association before."

Poinar, formerly of the University of California at Berkeley, said the mushroom was spotted about a year ago by Ron Buckley, a registered nurse and amber-fossil collector and photographer from Florence, Ky. Buckley sent the amber specimen to Poinar, who confirmed the discovery and found the two parasites.

"This shows how far back mushrooms -- and the parasites that infect them -- go," Poinar said. "They're similar to pinwheel mushrooms that grow on the bark of modern trees. They dotted the trees 100 million years ago, so they probably were tasty treats for the dinosaurs to nibble on."

maybe is still on sale :
Anyone want this old mushroom?

Star specimen of 100-million-year-old fungus in amber up for sale.

Geoff Brumfiel
Going, going... not yet gone.
Poinar G. & Buckley R. Mycological Research

If you know someone with a fondness for fungi, here's the perfect present: the oldest mushroom ever discovered, encased in amber, and on sale for a mere US$100,000.

The mushroom was discovered by Ron Buckley, a registered nurse and amateur fossil hunter in Florence, Kentucky. Buckley spotted it encased in a piece of Burmese amber that he had obtained from a Canadian importer. With the help of George Poinar, a zoologist at Oregon State University in Corvallis, he determined that the mushroom was a record-breaking 100-million years old. The duo published their results in April in the journal Mycological Research 1 (see 'Amber collectors hit on oldest mushroom find').

Now Buckley has listed his specimen on e-bay. The high price, he says, reflects its rarity and the many hours he has logged on his collection. Over the years, Buckley has sold hundreds of other more common specimens through the online auction site.
Let me at it

The decision to sell scientifically interesting artefacts can be distressing because it might make the samples unavailable for future study, says David Hibbett, a mycologist at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. "Having said that, I respect the right of the owner to do with this specimen as he wishes," he adds.
Hibbett, who described in a Nature article in 1995 what was until now the oldest mushroom2, adds that the specimen is of only limited scientific value. Scientists cannot yet extract DNA from such samples, and the fungus cannot be placed in any known modern phylogeny. "From an aesthetic perspective, however, the specimen may be priceless," he says.

Buckley says that he has tried to get museums interested in buying his entire collection, but no one has been willing to pay his $650,000 asking price. He adds that he will seek assurances from the mushroom's buyers that they will share it with any researcher who might like to take a look.:rolleyes:

"This shows how far back mushrooms -- and the parasites that infect them -- go," Poinar said. "They're similar to pinwheel mushrooms that grow on the bark of modern trees. They dotted the trees 100 million years ago, so they probably were tasty treats for the dinosaurs to nibble on."

Poinar, a courtesy zoology professor at Oregon State University, and Buckley reported their discovery in the journal Mycological Research.

Amber is fossilized tree resin, a sticky substance that oozes from certain pine and legume trees. The resin has chemical properties that act as a natural embalming agent for the ancient creatures that become trapped in it.

"I knew right away what it was when I looked at it under the microscope," said Buckley, who has been collecting amber fossils for the past eight years. "I sent the specimen to George right away because of his expertise, and he found those parasites. This is an incredible find."

Poinar received widespread attention last year for his discovery of the oldest bee -- a 100-million-year-old specimen from the same area in northern Burma where the amber is mined. Four kinds of flowers also were embedded in the amber.

The mushroom is about 20 million years older than previously found mushroom fossils. The amber apparently broke off the mushroom's stem, sealing it along with small pieces of the tree's bark and other debris.

Joseph Spatafora, a fungi specialist and a professor of botany and plant pathology at OSU, said the amber discovery is significant because mushroom fossils are rare. Few ancient mushrooms -- the fruiting bodies of fungi -- survive because they lack bones or shells that help preserve other organisms.

"So the amber specimen can give us a lot of insight to what fungal diversity was at this time in the past," Spatafora said, and gives scientists an idea about fungi's role in forest ecosystems.

Richard L. Hill: 503-221-8238; richardhill@ news.oregonian.com
~~~~
Mycol Res. 2007 Feb 23; : 17512712
Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism in Early Cretaceous amber.
George O Poinar , Ron Buckley
Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism is demonstrated in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. The agaric, Palaeoagaracites antiquus gen. sp. nov., is parasitized by the mycoparasite, Mycetophagites atrebora gen. sp. nov., which in turn is parasitized by the hyperparasite, Entropezites patricii gen. sp. nov. This discovery shows that sophisticated patterns of fungal parasitism were well developed some 100Myrago.

that is a big mushrooms  but i can not locate picture maybe it didn`t happend .....

Edited by cactu (01/17/09 06:55 PM)

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Invisibleweiliiiiiii
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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: cactu]
    #9627839 - 01/17/09 06:32 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)


Edited by weiliiiiiii (01/17/09 06:33 PM)

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Invisiblecactu
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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: weiliiiiiii]
    #9628827 - 01/17/09 10:13 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

the first link i have been reading before  are amazing , thank you weilliiii,
those  mushrooms where ancient  , ha ha as if any other fossil was not , ha ha , but this where before any real tree where around is more in the era where plants where developing  and mushrooms rule the earth  i guess since they where maybe the biggest organism around  before animals  that pretty before, i been reading a lot  digging  all around if every one like i can make 3 page of this thread  but , sometimes that scare people , but for sure iam been getting many understanding of the phylogeny of species , how all this connect to my last post i have  been posting , and how amazing are this creature. well lest `s speak now about


Prototaxites Dawson
this is the  vision of the scientific in the romantic  view of the artist, what really  make me travel to those ages only fern and bryophytas  and algae there , no animals around maybe many bacteria and protozoa very few insect maybe , but the prototaxites stand  tall as a tree in fact the fossil was erroneous thought to be a tree but , in the end  it was probe to be a mushrooms , is fascinating ... after all this the relationship with animals and plant and insect begging .it was a big one all right .

Prototaxites Dawson


For 50 million years before there were trees or vertebrates on land, these fungi towered as high as a house above the landscape. Each individual likely grew acres and acres horizontally digesting organic matter slowly and undisturbed perhaps for hundreds or thousands of years before growing these huge structures to spread their spores on the winds to other favorable locations. Through these scientists detective work we can understand and imagine it.

-what make you ponder  how the reproductive structures
of this mushrooms where , the spores size etc, etc, etc, mushrooms are so old and the humanity so young . ha ha :smile:.

Francis Hueber junto a un fósil de prototaxites.



Ejemplar de prototaxites encontrado en Arabia Saudita. Foto: Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, Vol. 116. Smithsonian Institution.
Prototaxites Dawson

C. Kevin Boyce, Assistant Professor in Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago, with a slice of Prototaxites, a giant prehistoric fungus. The computer screen shows a chemical map of a magnified portion of the organism's cell walls.
In the 1850s, a very large and very weird fossil was discovered in Quebec. It was named Prototaxites because it was thought to be a type of conifer (proto means 'first'; taxites from the latin taxus meaning 'yew', a type of conifer).
The authors make a challenging statement: "...Prototaxites, if fungal, was more akin to a robust, perennial bracket fungus than an ephemeral mushroom." This raises the question: how big are the largest fungi in today's world? Do any measure up to Prototaxites? The answer is no. There are currently no cylindrical fungi even close to those dimensions. Coral mushrooms are shaped like mini Prototaxites, but they are small indeed─no larger than 6-8 cm.

The largest known fungus (speaking here of individual fruiting bodies, not their supporting mycelium) is a bracket fungus that grows from dead conifers in Washington and Oregon. This endangered species, Bridgeoporus nobilissimus, can grow as big as 75 cm long by 100 cm wide by 50 cm tall, and can weigh over 100 kg. But it looks nothing like a Prototaxites. Shell-shaped and with a shaggy aspect, it is "reminiscent of a green pizza with a crew cut and is frequently covered with mosses, algae, lichens, and debris."

Fig4

Termitomyces titanicus, from
Zambia. Members of this genus
grow on the giant termite nests
in Africa and Asia. Source:
Nicolò Franzutti

Not only tough, woody bracket fungi get large in size: giant puffballs reach over 1 meter in diameter, and so can some agarics (mushrooms with stems and caps).

There is nothing currently on our planet that resembles Prototaxites. In fact, the difference in shape and structure between extinct and extant life forms could hardly be greater. No doubt, the issue of Prototaxites identity will be studied further and perhaps a definitive answer will be found.

A bit of levity?  The "mushroom question" I am most often asked  is: Is it good to eat? A safe guess is that Prototaxites was quite woody and could hardly be used to garnish a yet-to-evolve steak.


Prototaxites_structure.


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cuando una rafaga del pensamiento nos pasa  al lado se puede sentir  que valio  la pena  haber vivido, y cuando ese pensamiento se  convierte en sueño no paramos de soñar hasta realizarlo

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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: cactu]
    #9629146 - 01/17/09 11:17 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

i fucking LOVE this thread.

this is the kind of thing I love to read about :vaped:


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Offline1upshroom
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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: Beege]
    #9634477 - 01/18/09 08:40 PM (15 years, 2 months ago)

Quote:

Beege said:
i fucking LOVE this thread.

this is the kind of thing I love to read about :vaped:




LOL I agree this is some really interesting reading. :smile:

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Offlinemeatspin
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Re: post picture , information ideas about Fossil Fungi [Re: 1upshroom]
    #9637513 - 01/19/09 11:23 AM (15 years, 2 months ago)

it is quite interesting.

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