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Offlinebobbob1
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Natural Benzodiazepines * 3
    #15519782 - 12/15/11 09:04 AM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Here are some natural benzodiazepines,

Alpha-casozepine
Quote:

In an experiment performed on rats, alpha-casozepine was administered at three different doses and compared against placebo and Diazepam (a benzodiazepine) in tests of anxious behavior. Not only was alpha-casozepine more effective than the placebo but also it was similar in activity to the drug in reducing Global Anxiety Score. Alpha-casozepine acted in a dose dependent manner. In other words, higher doses of alpha-casozepine were more effective at reducing anxiety than were lower doses.

Does alpha-casozepine offer any advantage compared to benzodiazepines? Animal studies have examined the safety of alpha-casozepine and have determined that it does not produce the side effects associated with benzodiazepines. Importantly, unlike benzodiazepines, alpha-casozepine doesn't impair memory, is not addictive, and does not produce tolerance (lose its effect over time).

Alpha-casozepine is found in nature in milk. Observing that warm milk has a calming affect on babies, researchers endeavored to isolate the active component. The first isolate was a milk protein hydrolysate (an enzymatically cleaved protein fraction). It was later discovered that alpha-casozepine was the peptide responsible for the anxiety-reducing affects of this milk protein fraction. Some research has used alpha-casozepine. Other research has used the milk protein hydrolysate (called Prodiet F 200) that contains it.

One animal study compared Prodiet F 200, St. John's Wort, Kava-Kava, Diazepam and saline solution as a control, for their ability to reduce anxiety. Global Anxiety Scores for the rats treated with Diazepam and Prodiet F 200 were significantly lower compared to the saline group. The rats given St. John's Wort and Kava-Kava did no better than the saline group. Prodiet F 200 reduced anxiety but these two popular herbs did not.
There have been two studies performed on humans using Prodiet F 200. Both human studies have found Prodiet F 200 to reduce measures of stress and anxiety.

In one experiment, Prodiet F 200 was studied in 42 men. They were divided into two groups of 21 each. One group received a skim milk placebo. The other group was given Prodiet F 200. The study was double-blind, meaning neither the test subjects nor the experimenters knew who was receiving which treatment. The day before the test, the test subjects took their assigned product with breakfast and with dinner. On the test day, they took it with a standard breakfast then underwent evaluation. Two different standard tests were done to assess the production of a stress response. One test was psychological in nature, the other more physical. The Stroop test is a challenging mental exercise that results in stress and anxiety. The cold pressor test stresses the nervous system by immersing the hand in cold (2° C) water. Stress response to these tests were assessed using measures of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as blood levels of the stress hormones ACTH and cortisol. Results of this study revealed that subjects taking Prodiet F 200 experienced less stress in response to both the Stroop test and the cold pressor test. Across the board, Prodiet F 200 was associated with lower heart rate, lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as lower levels of ACTH and cortisol. This study demonstrated the rapid onset of action of Prodiet F 200.





Quote:

The naturally occurring flavonoids, chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) and apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone), and the synthetic compound, 6,3'-dinitroflavone have been recently reported to selectively bind with high affinity to the central benzodiazepine receptor, and to exert powerful anxiolytic and other benzodiazepine-like effects in rats. Their chemical analog, quercetin, shares none of these effects. In the present article we find that, in contrast to diazepam, chrysin, apigenin, and 6,3'-dinitroflavone have no amnestic effect on acquisition or retention of three different learning tasks (inhibitory avoidance, shuttle avoidance, and habituation to an open field), even when given at doses higher than those previously reported to be anxiolytic. Apigenin had a slight enhancing effect on training session performance and, when given posttraining, on test session retention, of crossing responses in the open field and hindered retention of inhibitory avoidance, and showed no anxiolytic action in an elevated plus maze. Unlike diazepam, none of these drugs had any analgesic effect in the tail-flick test. The data suggest that chrysin, apigenin, and 6,3'-dinitroflavoine, three flavonoids derivatives possessing anxioselective effects acting on central benzodiazepine receptors, may deserve clinical trials as anxiolytic agents.



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9408191


Thromboxane A2

Quote:

Receptors for benzodiazepines have recently been found in the brain but the natural ligand which can occupy these receptors is unknown. In a rat vascular preparation diazepam and chloridiazepoxide were found to inhibit pressor responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin but not those to potassium and vasopressin with IC50 concentrations similar to those reported for displacement of [3H]diazepam from brain receptors. Imidazole, an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthesis had similar actions to the benzodiazepines. Interactions between imidazole and the benzodiazepines suggested that the latter may be competitive antagonists of thromboxane A2. The possibility that thromboxane A2 may be the natural ligand is supported by recent evidence that brain tissue contains high levels of this substance.



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304394078901088

Does anyone know any others?


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Offlinebobbob1
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: bobbob1]
    #15520671 - 12/15/11 12:38 PM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Here are some more,

Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora coerulea.

Quote:

The pharmacological effects of 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin), a naturally occurring monoflavonoid that displaces [3H]flunitrazepam binding to the central benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors, were examined in mice. In the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, diazepam (DZ, 0.3-0.6 mg/kg) or chrysin (1 mg/kg) induced increases in the number of entries into the open arms and in the time spent on the open arms, consistent with an anxiolytic action of both compounds. The effects of chrysin on the elevated plus-maze was abolished by pretreatment with the specific BDZ receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (3 mg/kg). In the holeboard, diazepam (1 mg/kg) and chrysin (3 mg/kg) increased the time spent head-dipping. In contrast, high doses of DZ (6 mg/kg) but not of chrysin produced a decrease in the number of head dips and in the time spent head-dipping. In the horizontal wire test, diazepam (6 mg/kg) had a myorelaxant action. In contrast, chrysin (0.6-30 mg/kg) produced no effects in this test. These data suggest that chrysin possesses anxiolytic actions without inducing sedation and muscle relaxation. We postulate that this natural monoflavonoid is a partial agonist of the central BDZ receptors.



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7906886

flavonoids isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, binding to benzodiazepine site of GABA(A) receptor complex.

Quote:

Twenty-six flavonoids were isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis. Their affinities for the benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding site of GABA A receptor have been studied using [ 3H]flunitrazepam binding to rat cortical membranes in vitro. The structure-activity relationships suggested that 2'-OH flavones exhibited the most potent binding affinity, which could lead to the design and discovery of new BDZ receptor ligands.



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12494329


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InvisibleLocky
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: bobbob1]
    #15521597 - 12/15/11 04:02 PM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Mmmm. Milk. I guess thats why milk helps you sleep at night :tongue: Very interesting, thanks for posting :thumbup:


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Edited by Locky (12/15/11 04:02 PM)

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Invisiblepsi
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: Locky]
    #15521706 - 12/15/11 04:21 PM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Cool posts lately, +rep

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Offlinebobbob1
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: psi]
    #15521784 - 12/15/11 04:37 PM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Quote:

psi said:
Cool posts lately, +rep




Thanks


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Invisiblepsi
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: bobbob1]
    #15525710 - 12/16/11 11:14 AM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Someone I know takes Diazepam and Lorazepam as emergency seizure meds, I wonder if the chemicals mentioned here would work in that way too.

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Offlinebobbob1
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: psi]
    #15526301 - 12/16/11 01:43 PM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Quote:

psi said:
Someone I know takes Diazepam and Lorazepam as emergency seizure meds, I wonder if the chemicals mentioned here would work in that way too.




Not sure about this but apigenin is supposed to be as potent as flunitrazepam, probably will work for your friend

EDIT:

BTW here is the info about it

Quote:


The dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae) are used in folk medicine to prepare a spasmolytic and sedative tea. Our fractionation of the aqueous extract of this plant led to the detection of several fractions with significant affinity for the central benzodiazepine receptor and to the isolation and identification of 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (apigenin) in one of them. Apigenin competitively inhibited the binding of flunitrazepam with a Ki of 4 microM and had no effect on muscarinic receptors, alpha 1-adrenoceptors, and on the binding of muscimol to GABAA receptors. Apigenin had a clear anxiolytic activity in mice in the elevated plusmaze without evidencing sedation or muscle relaxant effects at doses similar to those used for classical benzodiazepines and no anticonvulsant action was detected. However, a 10-fold increase in dosage produced a mild sedative effect since a 26% reduction in ambulatory locomotor activity and a 35% decrement in hole-board parameters were evident. The results reported in this paper demonstrate that apigenin is a ligand for the central benzodiazepine receptors exerting anxiolytic and slight sedative effects but not being anticonvulsant or myorelaxant.



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7617761


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Edited by bobbob1 (12/16/11 01:51 PM)

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Invisiblepsi
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: bobbob1]
    #15527003 - 12/16/11 04:24 PM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Thanks for the info, probably best not to mess around when it comes to emergency meds but I wondered about possible natural sources in case a scenario arises where pharmaceuticals become hard to obtain, chamomile is very common here so that's good to know. (Edit: noticed it said in that abstract that no anticonvulsant was found with apigenin, doesn't sound promising for that application.) Interestingly one of his daily seizure meds is modeled after a component of valerian, isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid.) The one he takes is valproic acid (2-propylpentanoic acid.)

Edited by psi (12/16/11 04:33 PM)

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Offlinebobbob1
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: psi]
    #15538212 - 12/19/11 03:37 AM (12 years, 3 months ago)

Anyone else know any?


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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: bobbob1]
    #15543793 - 12/20/11 04:56 AM (12 years, 2 months ago)

i was always told that cheese had opiate like chemicals in it, but it's probably this instead. naps after eating cheese are always good!

i want some pure alpha-casozepine now.

Edited by passifloracaerulea (12/20/11 05:07 AM)

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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: passifloracaerulea]
    #15554825 - 12/22/11 05:07 AM (12 years, 2 months ago)

Here are some more i found

Anticonvulsant profile of the alkaloids (+)-erythravine and (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine isolated from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu Mart ex Benth (Leguminosae-Papilionaceae)

Quote:

Neural mechanisms underlying the onset and maintenance of epileptic seizures involve alterations in inhibitory and/or excitatory neurotransmitter pathways. Thus, the prospecting of novel molecules from natural products that target both inhibition and excitation systems has deserved interest in the rational design of new anticonvulsants. We isolated the alkaloids (+)-erythravine and (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu and evaluated the action of these compounds against chemically induced seizures in rats. Our results showed that the administration of different doses of (+)-erythravine inhibited seizures evoked by bicuculline, pentylenetetrazole, and kainic acid at maximum of 80, 100, and 100%, respectively, whereas different doses of (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine inhibited seizures at a maximum of 100% when induced by bicuculline, NMDA, and kainic acid, and, to a lesser extent, PTZ (60%). The analysis of mean latency to seizure onset of nonprotected animals, for specific doses of alkaloids, showed that (+)-erythravine increased latencies to seizures induced by bicuculline. Although (+)-erythravine exhibited very weak anticonvulsant action against seizures induced by NMDA, this alkaloid increased the latency in this assay. The increase in latency to onset of seizures promoted by (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine reached a maximum of threefold in the bicuculline test. All animals were protected against death when treated with different doses of (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine in the tests using the four chemical convulsants. Identical results were obtained when using (+)-erythravine in the tests of bicuculline, NMDA, and PTZ, and, to a lesser extent, kainic acid. Therefore, these data validate the anticonvulsant properties of the tested alkaloids, which is of relevance in consideration of the ethnopharmacological/biotechnological potential of E. mulungu.



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277832

5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, a benzodiazepine site ligand isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, with selective antagonistic properties

Quote:

As part of an effort to identify naturally occurring GABAA receptor benzodiazepine binding site (BDS) ligands from traditional medicinal herbs, we previously reported that flavonoid derivatives isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) Georgi exhibited significant affinities for the BDS. The present study describes the characterization of 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (oroxylin A), one of the major components of the herbal extract. Oroxylin A inhibited [View the MathML source]flunitrazepam binding to rat cerebral cortical membrane with a ic50 value of 1.09±0.07 μM. A GABA ratio of 1.09±0.04 suggests that oroxylin A interacts as an antagonist at the recognition site. In neuropharmacological studies, oral administration of oroxylin A (3.75–60 mg kg−1) did not result in significant changes in animal models routinely employed for benzodiazepine (BD) evaluation. However, oroxylin A selectively abolished the anxiolytic, myorelaxant and motor incoordination, but not the sedative and anticonvulsant effects elicited by diazepam, a BDS agonist. These results add oroxylin A to the list of CNS active flavonoids, and as the first naturally occurring member endowed with selective antagonistic actions via the BDS.



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295203002338

Identification of Benzodiazepines in Artemisia dracunculus and Solanum tuberosum Rationalizing Their Endogenous Formation in Plant Tissue

Quote:

Sterile cultivated plant cell tissues and cell regenerates of several species were tested for their binding affinity to the central human benzodiazepine receptor. Binding activity was found in extracts of Artemisia dracunculus cell tissue (IC50 = 7 μg/ml) and, to a lesser extent, in plant regenerates of potato herb (Solanum tuberosum). Preparative HPLC led to the isolation of fractions with a significant displacing potency in the benzodiazepine receptor binding assay. Using on-line HPLC-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in the “selected reaction monitoring” (SRM) mode, delorazepam and temazepam were found in amounts of about 100 to 200 ng/g cell tissue of Artemisia dracunculus, whereas sterile potato herb contained temazepam and diazepam ranging approximately from 70 to 450 ng/g cell tissue. It is the first report on the endogenous formation of benzodiazepines by plant cells, as any interaction of microorganisms and environmental factors was excluded.



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X00922836

High affinity of the naturally-occurring biflavonoid, amentoflavon, to brain benzodiazepine receptors in vitro

Quote:

In a search for pharmacologically-active ingredients in the plant extract Karmelitter Geist®, we have isolated and identified a high-affinity benzodiazepine receptor ligand, amentoflavon. Amentoflavon binds in a mix-type competitive and non-competitive manner to brain benzodiazepine receptors with an ic50-value of 6 nM in vitro, comparable to the affinity of diazepam. Amentoflavon shows a GABA ratio of 1.4 at 0° and increases 35S-TBPS binding by 12% (60 min incubation at 25°), which indicates a partial agonistic effect on benzodiazepine receptors. The substance does not influence the binding of a variety of other brain receptor ligands. Amentoflavon does not inhibit 3-flunitrazepam-binding to brain benzodiazepine receptors following i.v. administration in the mouse in vivo, and it is therefore not likely that amentoflavon is responsible for any pharmacological effect of Karmelitter Geist®.



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006295288906405


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Offlinebobbob1
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Re: Natural Benzodiazepines [Re: bobbob1]
    #15562997 - 12/23/11 04:52 PM (12 years, 2 months ago)

Central nervous system activities of two diterpenes isolated from Aloysia virgata

Quote:

Using the guide of a competitive assay for the benzodiazepine binding site in the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAA), two active diterpenes were isolated from the aerial parts of Aloysia virgata (Ruíz & Pavón) A.L. Jussieu var. platyphylla (Briquet) Moldenke. These compounds, identified as (16R)-16,17,18-trihydroxyphyllocladan-3-one (1) and (16R)-16,17-dihydroxyphyllocladan-3-one (2) on the basis of spectral data, competitively inhibited the binding of [3H]-FNZ to the benzodiazepine binding site with Ki ± S.E.M. values of 56 ± 19 μM and 111 ± 13 μM, respectively. The behavioral actions of these diterpenes, intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered in mice, were examined in the plus-maze, holeboard, locomotor activity and light/dark tests. Compound 1 exhibited anxiolytic-like effects in mice evidenced by a significant increase of the parameters measured in the holeboard test (the number of head dips at 0.3 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, the rears at 1 mg/kg and the time spent head-dipping at 3 mg/kg), in the plus-maze assay (the percentage of open arm entries at 1 mg/kg) and in the light/dark test (the time in light and the number of transitions at 1 mg/kg). Compound 2 augmented the number of rearings in the holeboard apparatus (at 0.3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) and the locomotor activity (at 1 mg/kg). These results reveal the presence of neuroactive compounds in Aloysia virgata.



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711310002710

Kaempferol from the leaves of Apocynum venetum possesses anxiolytic activities in the elevated plus maze test in mice

Quote:

The present work evaluated the anxiolytic activity of an aqueous extract of Apocynum venetum L. (Apocynaceae) and bioguided its fractionation using the elevated plus maze (EPM) in mice as a model of anxiety. A single treatment of AV extract markedly increased the percentage time spent on the open arms of the EPM in two distinct concentration ranges of 22.5–30 and 100–125 mg/kg p.o., respectively, indicating a putative anxiolytic-like activity. Fractions showing anxiolytic effects in concentrations equal to 30 or 125 mg/kg of whole extract were antagonized using the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil (3 mg/kg i.p.) or the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). All active fractions in a concentration equal to 125 mg/kg were effectively blocked by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, while the anxiolytic activities of fractions in the lower dose equivalent to 30 mg/kg of whole extract were inhibited by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635. Through further separation of AV fractions it was possible to isolate and characterize the flavonol kaempferol which showed an anxiolytic-like activity in concentrations from 0.02 to 1.0 mg/kg p.o. The anxiolytic activity of kaempferol was partially antagonized by concomitant administration of flumazenil, but not by WAY-100635. In conclusion, our study clearly demonstrates that AV extract possesses anxiolytic-like activity and that at least one of its flavonoids, kaempferol, can elicit the same kind of neuropharmacological activity



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711309000038


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