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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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All updates and information is on the main site under Mushroom Info > Hunting Mushrooms.
Wiki Pileus (Cap): 1.5-2 cm broad. Obtusely conic, hemispherical and rarely broad in age. Cap becomes pitted and wrinkle with age cracking to fornm scales. Viscid when moist, especially in young speimens. Grayish creamy white and grey-brown in age. Incuved margin in young specimens, often irregular and non-translucent. Flesh is greyish-white. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to adnexed, and sometimes sinuate, rarely subdecurrent and widely spaced., greyish at first and then soon becoming black to blackish and mottled as spores mature. Stipe (Stem): 30-50 mm by 4-6 mm thick. Equal and firm as well as pruinose towards the apex. White with pinkish tones, generally lighter than the cap and no veil remnants present. Microscopic features: Black in deposit, 11.5-14.5 x 7.9-10 microns. Lemon shaped and often variable. Season: In the spring or during the rainy seasons. Habitat and Distribution: Found on hippopotamus and elephant dung. Central Africa to the Southern Regions of the Sudan. Growth Habit: Grows scattered to gregariously Bruising: Slight or no bruising present. Dosage: According to Mycologist G-M. Ola'h, this species is weakly active. Other Notes: This species macroscopically resembles the cousin mushroom Panaeolus antillarum. Accodring to Paul Stamets, he found one small collection of this species at the Seattle, Washington Zoo. Links: Panaeolus africanus -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 15-28 mm, semiglobate, campanulate to convex, hardly expanding, margin often torn and pedaled, smooth not viscid, and slightly wrinkled and pitted with age. Dark grey-brown drying whitish. Lamellae (Gills): Ventricose-adnate, 5 mm broad, crowded and grey to olivaceous black with distinct white edges. Stipe (Stem): 4-6.5 cm x 2-3 mm, cylindrical, fistulose and punctate-pruinose from apex to 1/3 towards base, downwards slightly fibrillose, reddish-brown and greyish. bluish at base. Microscopic features: Black in deposit, 12-14 x 8-10 x 6-7.5 microns. elliptical. Season: In the spring or during the rainy seasons. Habitat and Distribution: North Africa and Hawaii, Spain and Switzerland. Preferably the dung of buffalo and cattle, sometimes in manured soil, but rare. Originally only know of from Morocco, Africa and then from Hawaii, a recent discovery of this mushroom in abundance appeared in a lawn of a Churchyard of Belp near Bern, Switzerland. Additionally it has once been found in spain. Steve MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Grows scattered to gregariously Bruising: Bluing where handled. Dosage: 4 to 7 to 10 fresh mushrooms, 1-2 dried grams. Other Notes: A rare Panaeolus species. Links: Panaeolus bisporus -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 1.2 -2.5 cm broad, conic to convex at first bu then becoming hemispheric and expanding to broadly convex to nearly plane. Surface smooth moist to viscid when wet, soon drying, and often cracking with irregular horizontal fissures. Young primordia are chocolate brown to red in color, fading to lighter brownish yellow-red in age. Flesh light yellow, pale becoming blue where damaged or cut. Fine filaments are visible on the stipe showing the remnants of the veil. Margin is incurved when young, expanding in age and often becoming irregular in shape. Lamellae (Gills): Pallid at first, then becoming grayish black to black, with mottled sections where the spores have matured in different areas on the gill surface. Gills are intermediate, attachment is ascending, uncinate, with several tiers of intermediate gills, ranging from three to four separate tiers. Stipe (Stem): (30) 80-100 mm long by 1.5-3 mm thick. Attached centrally and swelling up from the base, difficult to separate the cap and stem without causing gill fragments to form. Striations run along the stipe and especially at the apex where the annular zone can be seen. Whitish to cream in color and rapidly turning blue where handled. Microscopic features: 11-13 microns, black in deposit, somewhat transparent under magnification. 4-spored with the occasional 2-spored basidium. Large centrally located germ pore is visible, showing a dark purple brown color under the microscope. Pleurocystidia present, fusoid -ventricose with a sharp elongated apex, measuring 48-60 x 13-19 um long. Cheilocystidia also present, measuring 12-14 x 2.5-5um, appearing much like the pleurocystidia in form. Season: In the spring or during the rainy seasons. Habitat and Distribution: Manure and enriched soils Preferably the dung of buffalo and cattle, was first described from Cambodia. Thought to be more widespread through the asian subtropics. Was found in 1993 by Merlin and Allen at kahalu'u O'ahu, Hawaii. Flickr MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Grows scattered to gregariously Bruising: Bluing strongly where handled. Dosage: 4 to 7 to 10 fresh mushrooms, 1-2 dried grams. Other Notes: Highly domesticated and stable with low genetic variability. Previously considered a strain of Panaeolus tropicalis, this collection is better considered as the similar P. cambodginiensis. The documentation of the various Panaeolus species contains conflicting information which initially misled staff on this particular collection. P. tropicalis and P. cambodginiensis have similar sized spores and are easily confused. Links: Panaeolus cambodginiensis -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): (1)1.5— 3.5(4) cm, Campanulate then convex to plane, obtuse, dingy gray to blackish, often with reddish or hazel tones, hygrophanous, pallid grey to yellowish when dry, smooth, with a narrow brown marginal band, slightly striate at the margin when moist. Flesh thin and grayish. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate, close to crowded, at first gray-olivacous, becoming mottled and darkening to black with age, edges remaining whitish. Stipe (Stem): (4)6 — 8(10) cm x 1 — 2(3) mm, equal, slender, slightly enlarging at the base, hollow, fragile, dingy white to clay, becoming brownish towards the base in age, smooth, white-pruinose at the apex, obsoletely slightly silky-striate, ring absent. Flesh is dirty ochraceous-buff; fragile. Microscopic features: Spores Blackish gray. 10.8 — 14.2 X 6.9—9.5, elipsiod or lemon shaped, basidia 4 spored. Gill edge cystidia fusiform, typically with long necks, gill face cystidia absent. [edit] Season: In the spring or during the rainy seasons. Habitat and Distribution: Panaeolus fimicola can be found growing in soil or dung, fertilized lawns and other grassy places, late spring to mid-fall. Widespread across the Americas, as well as Europe and Africa; common. BumbleBee MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Solitary to scattered. Bruising: Slight bruising at some of the specimens at the base. Dosage: Weakly active. Other Notes: It is hard to imagine a duller mushroom, but this very dark mottlegill somehow manages to make itself conspicuous on lawns after rain. The dark-brown caps – sometimes almost black – fade with age, covering a huge range of shades of brown. You may find it listed in some field guides as Panaeolus ater. This is a toxic toadstool. (There can be small amounts of the hallucinogen psilocybin in these fungi. Links: Panaeolus fimicola -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 1.5 — 2(2.5) cm and hemispheric to convex to companulate. The margin is incurved when young, clay-colored, often reddish brown towards the disc, hygrophanous, smooth, and grayish to greenish; it is translucent-striate at the margin when wet. It becomes blue when bruised. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate, close to crowded, at first gray-olivacous, becoming mottled and darkening to black with age. Stipe (Stem): The stipe is 5–12 cm long, 2–3 mm thick, hollow, and vertically striate. It is blackish towards the base, greyish towards the apex, and pallid to whitish fibrils run the length of the stipe. The stipe is equal to slightly swollen at the base and lacks a partial veil. Microscopic features: spores are dark violet black to black, ellipsoid, and 10.5–12.0 x 7–9 µm. The basidia each produce two spores. Season: In the spring or during the rainy seasons. Habitat and Distribution: Panaeolus tropicalis is mushroom that grows on dung. It is most often found in Hawaii, Central Africa, and Cambodia; it can also found in Mexico, Tanzania, the Philippines, Florida, and Japan. Growth Habit: Solitary to scattered. Bruising: The entire mushroom readily bruises blue where it is handled. Dosage:
Other Notes: Links: Panaeolus tropicalis -MushroomObserver Edited by Joust (01/27/13 05:31 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Urban Habitats: (Least Rare* - Most Rare***) Pileus (Cap): 7-13 x 2-3 mm, Brown hygrophanous cap. convex to plane. Lamellae (Gills): (10)13-15 mm, intermediate gills. adnate to decurrent. Yellowish turning yellow brown in age. Stipe (Stem): 12-23 x 0.8-2.2 mm. cylindrical. Brown to reddish brown. Microscopic features: Spores Rusty-orange brown. Season: August through November Habitat and Distribution: Only reported once in Germany, found in a green house. Possibly tropical climates since it was only found once in a hothouse in Germany. Growth Habit: Singularly or few in numbers in the surrounding area or in clusters. Bruising: Bruising on the gills and cap. possible at the base. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: A very rare species that is not well documented. Expert identification and microscopy are needed because of the dangerous look alikes in the genus Galerina Links: Galerina steglichii -Mushroom John Galerina steglichii -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 0.7-1.2 (2.5) cm broad. Nearly hemispheric to convex, expanding to broadly convex with age. Margin translucent-striate when moist and often appendiculate at first, with minute fibrillose remnants of the partial veil. Reddish cinnamon brown to dark brown. Surface moist when wet, soon dry; smooth overall to slightly wrinkled towards the disc with age. Margin translucent-striate when moist to slightly wrinkled towards the disc. Cap is hygrophanous and lightens to a tan color when exposed to dry conditions. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate and close, and moderately broad. Colored cinnamon brown with whitish edges near the margin, darkening in age. Stipe (Stem): 20-40 mm long by 1-1.4 mm thick. Equal to slightly curved at the base, fragile, easily breaking. Whitish at first, becoming grayish or brownish at the apex, and often adorned with whitish mycelium at the base that bruise bluish. Partial veil thinly cortinate, sometimes leaving trace remnants along the cap margin, soon disappearing. No annulus formed. Microscopic features: Spores rusty brown in deposit, 6.5–9.0 × 4.3–6.0 μm; Ls = 7.8 ± 0.72 μm, B = 4.9 ± 0.43 μm; Q = 1.4–1.8, av. Q = 1,58 ± 0.1, n = 40; broadly elliptic in face-view, slightly flattened on one side in side-view, fairly thin-walled, pale brown in water, rust-orange in alkali, germpore small but distinct. Basidia 4-spored, 14–19 × 7.0–8.5 μm, clavate. Cheilocystidia 19–31 × 7–16 μm, lageniform, drawn out into a neck up to 15 μm long from swollen base, with obtuse or subcapitate apex 3.5–6 μm broad. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a hymeniform layer of sphaeropedunculate cells 12–26 μm broad. Stipitipellis of hyaline, parallel, filamentous hyphae covered with clusters of caulocystidia. Caulocystidia 24–52 × 12–19 μm, lageniform, drawn out into a short neck from swollen base, with obtuse or subcapitate apex 5–7 μm broad. Veil not observed. Clamp-connections not observed. Season: August through November Habitat and Distribution: This mushroom likes growing in areas that have been well manacured and taken care of, you notice them growing thier unusually white stem in grassy areas such as parks and lawns. Reported from Washington, Colorado, Vancouver, B.C., and temperate regions of central and northern Europe. Lepkaun MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Singularly or few in numbers in the surrounding area or in clusters. Bruising: Bruising at the bulbous base, sometimes immediately after it has been plucked from the substrate. Dosage: 40-50 small specimens, 1/3 of a fresh ounce and/or 1 dried gram. Other Notes: This can be a difficult species to identify for begginers as it can get confused with other LBM's quite easily. Potently active, although petite in size. Beug and Bigwood (1982b) found 0.93silocybin but no psilocin. Christiansen et al. (1984) reported ranges of 0.33-0.55silocybin and 0.004-0.007silocin. Gartz (1992) found 0.78-1.01silocybin, no psilocin, and 0.12-0.20 baeocystin. This species is probably widely distributed across the temperate regions of the world but goes unnoticed because of its minute stature. C. smithii is another mushroom in the Conocybe genus that bruises blue, contains psilocybin, and grows in the same areas as well as in bogs, ditches and swampy areas, commonly in sphagnum moss. They are also found along river banks and in lawns scattered to numerous in mossin the late Spring, Summer, and perhaps early Fall Looks a lot like Pholiotina smithii but differs microscopically in spore size and cystidia. Links: Conocybe cyanopus -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 0.3 - 1(1.3) cm across Conic to convex but expands to nearly plane in age, with a distinct umbo, smooth, ochraceous tawny to cinnamon-brown, darker at edges, glistening when wet, hygrophanous, even to striate when moist. Lightens when it dries, turning a tan color. Lamellae (Gills): adnate to adnexed, crowded to subdistant, narrow to moderately broad, pale grayish yellow to brown with whitish edges, darkening to rusty cinnamon brown in age. Stipe (Stem): (1)2 to 5(7.5) cm long, .75 - 1(1.5) mm thick, mostly equal but often slightly swollen at the base. Fragile, whitish with fine fibrils but becoming smooth, lacks an annulus, slightly twisting striatulations, often slightly grayish at the base when young, becoming an azure shade of blue in age, quickly bruising blue when handled. Microscopic features: Cinnamon brown, (6.5)7.0 - 9.0 x 4.0 - 4.5(5) micrometers smooth and ellipsoid with thick walls and a small but distinct germ-pore. Subcapitate cheilocystidia. Season: August through November Habitat and Distribution: Grows in bogs, ditches and swampy areas, commonly in sphagnum moss. Also found along river banks and in lawns. It also likes growing in areas that have been well manacured and taken care of, you notice them growing thier unusually white stem in grassy areas such as parks and lawns. Reported from Washington, Colorado, Vancouver, B.C., and temperate regions of central and northern Europe. Knarkkorven (all) MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Singularly or few in numbers in the surrounding area or in clusters. Bruising: Bruising at the bulbous base, sometimes immediately after it has been plucked from the substrate. Dosage: 40-50 small specimens, 1/3 of a fresh ounce and/or 1 dried gram. Other Notes: This can be a difficult species to identify for begginers as it can get confused with other LBM's quite easily. Potently active. Looks a lot like Pholiotina cyanopus but differs microscopically in spore size and cystidia. Links: Pholiotina smithii (Conocybe smithii) -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 1- 3(4) cm across, Distinctly campanulate then subhemispheric to convex, becoming broadly conic, not fully expanding, incurved margin when young, dark smoky-grayish to dark cinnamon, drying to a straw-yellow or slightly olive-gray color, remaining more reddish-brown towards the center, hygrophanous, smooth, sometimes striated or finely corrugated, flesh thick and firm. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to adnexed, close, thin, pallid, mottled, slightly olive-greenish, becoming dark purplish gray-black in age, edge whitish. Stipe (Stem): 4- 6(7.5) cm by 3— 4(6) mm thick, equal to slightly tapering at the base, hollow, brittle, pruinose and slightly striate, no veil remnants. Grayish to ochraceous, tan or purple at the base. Microscopic features: Black, slightly roughened, 12 — 15(17) x 7 — 8.5(10) micrometers, elliptic, rugose or verrucose. Basidia 24 — 28 x 10 - 12 micrometers. Cheilocystidia (20)24— 30(38) x (5)7 — 10 micrometers, abundant, neck often flexuous and apices usually obtuse, thin walled and hyaline, pleurocystidia rare or absent, not projecting beyond plane of basidia. Season: Late summer through December. Habitat and Distribution: Well kept grass, in lawns, parks and around well manicured buildings. Some believe that there is a correlation between this species and dog stool, but there is no hard evidence to back that up. It has been collected in the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, Georgia, Canada's Quebec and in the United Kingdom. Steve MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Grows scattered to gregariously Bruising: Slight discoloration on the base of some specimens, although the dark stipe makes it hard to see any bluing that may occur. Dosage:
Other Notes: It is easily mistaken for Panaeolus cinctulus and can be distinguished from that species by its more campanulate cap shape when young and slightly roughened spores. Links: Panaeolus olivaceus -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 1- 3(4) cm across, Distinctly campanulate and inrolled at the margin to the pint where the margin and stipe touch, not expanding, grayish to tannish. drying to a straw-yellow or slightly olive-gray color, hygrophanous, smooth, sometimes striated or finely corrugated, flesh thick and firm. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to adnexed, close, thin, pallid, mottled, slightly olive-greenish, becoming dark purplish gray-black in age. Stipe (Stem): 4- 6(7.5) cm by 3— 4(6) mm thick, equal to slightly tapering at the base, hollow, brittle, pruinose and slightly striate, no veil remnants. Grayish to ochraceous, tan or purple at the base. Microscopic features: Season: Late summer through December. Habitat and Distribution: Widely distributed across North America and has also been reported in other areas such as Australia and Bolivia. Well kept grass, in lawns, parks and around well manicured buildings. Growing in the taller darker grass where moisture is higher. Lord Mayonnaise MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Grows scattered to gregariously. Bruising: Slight discoloration on the base of some specimens. Dosage:
Other Notes: This is a secotioid genus that is closely related to Panaeolus. The mushrooms have very similar odor and texture to Panaeolus and are widely distributed in lawns. Some collections have brown gills and resemble Panaeolus foenisecii; Others have black gills and slight bluing on the stem base and resemble Panaeolus cinctulus. Links: Panaeolopsis sp. -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 30-100mm in diameter, conic to convex, expanding to broadly convex and eventually flattening with age with a pronounced, persistent broad umbo; surface smooth, viscous when moist, covered by a separable gelatinous pellicle; chestnut to ochraceous brown to caramel in color often becoming pitted with dark blue or bluish black zones, hygrophanous, fading to light straw color in drying, strongly bruising blue when damaged; margin even, sometimes irregular and eroded at maturity, slightly incurved at first, soon decurved, flattening with maturity, translucent striate and often leaving a fibrillose annular zone in the upper regions of the stem. Lamellae (Gills): Ascending, sinuate to adnate, brown, often stained info-black where injured, close, with two tiers of lamellulae, mottled, edges withish. Stipe (stem): 90-200mm long by 3-6mm thick, silky white, dingy brown from the base or in age, hollow at maturity. Composed of twisted, cartilaginous tissue. Base of stem thickening downwards, often curved, and characterized by coarse white aerial tufts of mycelium, often with azure tones. Mycelium surrounding stipe base densely rhizomorphic, silky white, tenaciously holding the wood-chips together, strongly bruising bluish upon disturbance. Microscopic Features: Pileus 30-100mm in diameter, conic to convex, expanding to broadly convex and eventually flattening with age with a pronounced, persistent broad umbo; surface smooth, viscous when moist, covered by a separable gelatinous pellicle; chestnut to ochraceous brown to caramel in color often becoming pitted with dark blue or bluish black zones, hygrophanous, fading to light straw color in drying, strongly bruising blue when damaged; margin even, sometimes irregular and eroded at maturity, slightly incurved at first, soon decurved, flattening with maturity, translucent striate and often leaving a fibrillose annular zone in the upper regions of the stem. Lamellae ascending, sinuate to adnate, brown, often stained info-black where injured, close, with two tiers of lamellulae, mottled, edges withish. Spore-print dark purplish brown to purplish black in mass. Stipe 90-200mm long by 3-6mm thick, silky white, dingy brown from the base or in age, hollow at maturity. Composed of twisted, cartilaginous tissue. Base of stem thickening downwards, often curved, and characterized by coarse white aerial tufts of mycelium, often with azure tones. Mycelium surrounding stipe base densely rhizomorphic, silky white, tenaciously holding the wood-chips together, strongly bruising bluish upon disturbance. Odor none to slightly farinaceous. Taste extremely bitter. Season: Late September through December, usually starting when the temperatures drop to the 40F range after a rain. Habitat and Distribution: You will find these only in a small area along the coast of Washington and Oregon, the mouth of the colombia is the best. They grow on alder and in grasses where there is a high lignin content. Dune grasses are another area which are very good for P. azurescens. NeoSporen MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Cespitose to gregarious in tight clusters, also singularly and spaced in the natural habitat of the coastal dune grasses. Bruising: Bruising bluish black upon handling, this species is so potent it stains very heavily. Dosage:
Other Notes: "You need to look for azures on the coast if you have a chance. Same with cyans, but when you get into a good area, it's mind blowing" (NeoSporen). It is among the most potent of the tryptamine-bearing mushrooms, containing up to 1.8% psilocybin, 0.5% psilocin, and 0.4% baeocystin by dry weight, averaging to about 1.1% psilocybin and 0.15% psilocin. Links: Psilocybe azurescens -MushroomObserver Psilocybe azurescens -Gallery (NeoSporen) Psilocybe azurescens -Earthstongue Wiki Pileus (Cap): 1.5-5.5 cm broad. Conic to obtusely conic to convex, expanding to plane only in extreme age. Margin incurved at first, and distinctly undulated when convex; translucent striate and often tinted greenish. Dark olive brown to buff brown (occasionally steel blue), becoming copper brown in the center when drying, hygrophanous, fading to pallid white and easily bruising bluish. Surface viscid when moist from a gelatinous pellicle, usually separable. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate to sinuate, close. Colour grayish to dark cinnamon brown with the edges remaining pallid. Stipe (Stem): 50-70 mm long by 2-3 mm thick. Equal to subequal. Pallid to brownish surface sometimes covered with fine whitish fibrils, while often more yellowish towards the apex. Brittle, stuffed with loose fibers. Distinct rhizomorphs present about stem base. Partial veil thinly cortinate, rapidly becoming inconspicuous. Microscopic features: Spores purplish brown in deposit, mango shaped, 10-12 by 6-7 um. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 20-40 by 4.5-9 um, fusoid with a narrow neck. Season: August through december, very rarely in the spring. Habitat and Distribution: Psilocybe baeocystis is a hemiboreal mushroom, common throughout the Pacific Northwest. It was found in Maine in November 2007 and is reported to have been found in Connecticut also. Look in either well manured soil/mulch mix or grass that is old, but well kept. This species is much like P. stunzii in its habitat but likes to grow on the edge of the grass where the wood chips and grass meet. Peat moss is also a good place to look as well as under plants like rhododendrons and rose bushes in mulched garden beds. Masscommons MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Solitary to gregarious to cespitose. Bruising: Bluing very heavily when disturbed, sometimes even from rain drops. Notice the heavy bluing all over in the cover photo for this species. Dosage:
Other Notes: Sometimes bluing all over turing the fruitbody completely a metallic blue color. Concentration ranges for psychoactive compounds from these studies were reported to be 0.15–0.85% psilocybin, up to 0.59% psilocin, and up to 0.10% baeocystin. 1945 P. baeocystis is first collected in Eugene, Oregon Similar Species: Psilocybe quebecensis: Psilocybe quebecensis is a moderately active hallucinogenic mushroom in the section Aztecorum, having psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. Native to Quebec, it is the most northern known psilocybin mushroom. Macroscopically this mushroom somewhat resembles Psilocybe baeocystis. Cap is 1 — 3(3.5) cm in diameter. Nearly hemispheric to convex at first, becoming subcampanulate to more or less plane when mature, viscid and even to translucent-striate when moist, hygrophanous, brownish to straw colored, yellowish to milk white when dry. Surface smooth, may become finely wrinkled with age, flesh whitish. Readily stains blue-green where injured. Gills are Adnate, thin, moderately broad to swollen in the middle. Grayish yellow with green tones becoming dark brown at maturity, with the edges remaining whitish. Spore Print: Dark purplish brown. Stipe is 2 — 3.5(4.5) cm long by 1 — 2(2.5) mm thick. Equal, slightly subbulbous, smooth to striate, brittle, tough, and fibrous, base is furnished with long conspicuou Edited by Joust (12/12/12 01:52 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Wiki Pileus (Cap): 2-4.5 cm broad, convex, becoming nearly plane with a low umbo; margin striate, often wavy, sometimes upturned in age; surface smooth, sticky when moist, hygrophanous, brown, hygrophanous fading to yellow-brown or buff; flesh thin, brittle in age, bruising blue. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to seceding, close when young, subdistant in age, pale cinnamon brown, becoming dark grey-brown, edges lighter than the faces, mottled from spores at maturity. Stipe (stem): 3-6 cm tall, 3-6 mm thick, equal to sometimes enlarged at the base, the latter with conspicuous thickened mycelium (rhizomorphs); surface white, smooth to silky, bruising blue; veil fibrillose, forming a superior, evanescent hairy, annular zone. Microscopic Features: Purple-brown to purple-gray or purple-black; Spores 9-12 x 6-8 µm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore. Season: Because fruiting depends on a drop in temperature, the season changes from year to year. But are always between september and February. Mostly found after rains in October and November in washington and January through February in california. Habitat and Distribution: In the United States, P. cyanescens occurs mainly in the Pacific Northwest, south to the San Francisco Bay Area. It can also be found in areas such as Western Europe, Central Europe, parts of Australia and parts of west Asia (Iran). The range in which P. cyanescens occurs is rapidly expanding, especially in areas where it is not native as the use of mulch to control weeds has been popularized. This rapid expansion of range may be due in part to the simple expedient of P. cyanescens mycelium having colonized the distribution network of woodchip suppliers and thus being distributed on a large scale with commercial mulch. Although it has been speculated that P cyanescens' native habitat is the coniferous woodlands of the north-western United States or coastal dunes in the PNW, the type specimen was described from mulch beds in Kew Gardens, and there is no widely accepted explanation of P. cyanescens original habitat. Paul Stamets has suggested that P. cyanescens may originally have been a niche saprophyte of pinecones whose range was allowed to drastically expand with the introduction of ornamental mulch. Fruiting is dependent on a drop in temperature. In the San Francisco Bay Area, this means that fruiting typically occurs between December and February, and fruiting in other areas generally occurs in fall, when temperatures are between 50-65°F. P. cyanescens often fruits gregariously or in cespitose clusters, sometimes in great numbers. 100,000 P. cyanescens fruits were once found growing on a racetrack in the south of England. Solitary fruits are sometimes also found. Look in mulch beds and wood chips around parks and well manicured areas. They have rarely been found growing in alder forests and under blackberry bushes and salal in the wild. Shelli Liebman Dorfman MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: P. cyanescens often fruits gregariously or in cespitose clusters, sometimes in great numbers, not usually found singularly. Sometimes one patch can have multiple flushes in a year. Bruising: Bruising moderately, sometimes the aged stipe is darkened and hard to see bruising, but the cap margin will always bruise blue. It will be very noticeable. Dosage:
Other Notes: "The most common Psilocybe species in the pacific northwest in my opinion" (joust). North American fruiting bodies of P. cyanescens have been shown to contain between 0.66% and 1.96% total indole content by dry weight. European fruiting bodies have been shown to have between 0.39% and 0.75% total indole content by dry weight. "As far as where we score, it is usually random and innocent. Be out hunting lawns and wander away to take a leak, and boom, natural cyans poking out from under the salal. Remember, cyans have been around longer than man made mulch beds. They can exist off the root mass of certain plants alone, with no mulch" -EarthquakeOpossum Lookalikes: Galerina marginata,Pholiotina rugosa, Pholiota sp., Tubaria furfuracea, Gymnopilus sapineus, Macrocystidia cucumis, Leratiomyces percevalii, Agrocybe putaminum. Hypholoma sp., Hebeloma sp. Links: Psilocybe Cyanescens -MushroomObserver Psilocybe Cyanescens -Mykoweb Wiki Pileus (Cap): 1.4-3.5 cm broad. Conic to convex to broadly convex, eventually plane in age, typically not umbonate. Colour deep chestnut brown, hygrophanous, fading in drying to pale tan to yellowish brown, even dingy grayish white in drying. Surface viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate to adnexed, to slightly subdecurrent in age, light grayish when young, becoming purplish brown with maturity with whitish edges. Stipe (Stem:) 30-70 mm long by 2-4 mm thick, straight to flexuous, equal to enlarged near the base, longitudinally striate, and adorned with fine fibrils that become bluish when handled. Yellow brown to light tan underneath. Partial veil white, cortinate, copious, leaving fibrillose veil remnants, sometimes a fragile annular zone on the upper regions. Flesh brownish, bruising bluish. Microscopic features: Spores purplish brown in deposit, subellipsoid, 9-12 by 5.5-7 microns. Basidia 4-, rarely 2-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia fusiform to lanceolate, 22-33 by 5.5-7 microns, with an elongated, forking neck, 1-1.5 microns thick at apex. Season: September to December. Habitat and Distribution: Fruiting in the Pacific Northwest. Just like P. baeocystis they grow mostly grass, but sometimes in mixed mulch, in soils enriched with deciduous wood debris, in Alder and Willow wood chips and bark mulch, Fir sawdust, in coastal regions, in rhododendron gardens and nurseries, and in flood plains in river estuaries. Michael Kuhne MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Scattered to gregarious. Bruising: Bruising when handled, mostly in the pileus margin but also on the stem and base. Dosage: 1 large specimen, 2 to 5 small specimens. High in psilocin and low in psilocybin. Loses over 70% or more of their potency in drying. Other Notes: "I have found stuntzii, baeos, and fibs within a 25' radius. They like old, well kept grass that has weeds" (NeoSporen). Both psilocybin and psilocin (0.05 mg per gram dry weight and 1.4 mg per gram psilocin) were detected by Beug and Bigwood Links: Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa -MushroomObserver Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa -Thread (NeoSporen) Edited by Joust (11/22/12 06:14 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Wiki Pileus (Cap): 2-4.5 cm broad, convex or bell shaped; margin striate; surface smooth, sticky when moist, hygrophanous, brown, hygrophanous fading to yellow-brown or buff; flesh thin, brittle in age, bruising blue. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to seceding, close when young, subdistant in age, pale cinnamon brown, becoming dark grey-brown, edges lighter than the faces, mottled from spores at maturity. Stipe (stem): 3-6 cm tall, 3-6 mm thick, equal to sometimes enlarged at the base, the latter with conspicuous thickened mycelium (rhizomorphs); surface white, smooth to silky, bruising blue; veil fibrillose, forming a superior, evanescent hairy, annular zone. Microscopic Features: Purple-brown to purple-gray or purple-black; Spores 9-13 x 6-9 µm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore. Season: Much Like P. cyanescens they prefer the cold tempuratures of fall and usually are found late september into december, and October through January in California. Habitat and Distribution: Much like P. cyanescens they like the mulch and wood chipped areas. "Being a bit south helps (Tacoma and south Washington)" (NeoSporen). They are largely seen in the San Francisco Bay area of California where they get their name from. Daniel Barringer MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Growing gregariously or in cespitose clusters. Bruising: Bruising when handled. Especially in the cap margin. Dosage:
Other Notes: In the book Mycelium Running by Paul Statements it says "microscopically, they seem identical to P. cyanescens, leading me to believe that these are probably P. cyanescens, and that this species is simply highly variable in macromorphology". This species has been very well documented by amateur mycologists, however it has not been officially described and thus has no scientifically accepted species name at this time. The nic name “Cyanofriscosa” was coined by a member of the website www.Shroomery.org a couple years ago when other Bay Area hunters began finding them. Other common names have been used to describe this mushroom, such as the “Cyclone Psilocybe”, coined by Paul Stamets due to an instance in which the mycelial pattern of an agar culture looked like a spiral. Links: Psilocybe Allenii -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 4.5 cm across, convex to subumbonate, chestnut or orangish brown to yellowish brown to pearly cream color, hygrophanous, glabrous, sub-viscid, translucent-striate near the margin, from slightly to highly undulated in maturity, with irregular yellowish, brownish, or bluish tones, sometimes white when dry. Flesh thick, pliant. Bruises blue and more notably, green, where injured. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate attachment and range from whitish to rusty brown, lavender, or dark purple brown. Stipe (Stem): 1.5 – 9 cm by 1 – 7 mm, equal, somewhat subbulbous, hollow, base sometimes hypogeous, smooth at the top and often having small scales near the bottom, colored whitish with irregular yellowish, brownish, or bluish tones. The partial veil is variable, ranging from a thin cortina that leaves a barely perceptible annular zone, to a substantial membrane that leaves a fairly persistent annulus. Microscopic features: Spores, Dark purple brown, rhomboid to subrhomboid in face view, subellipsoid in side view, thick-walled, 8 x 6 µm. Two types of cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are present. Season: They are most common from April to mid June but they occasionally fruit as late as November Habitat and Distribution: In the Pacific Northwest, Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata grows in wood chipped areas and mulch. In its natural habitat, Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata is common in the Ohio river valley. Often found in the woody debris of overflow areas, along rivers and streams. Masscommons MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit. Fruiting in clusters or groups. Bruising: Bruising heavily, sometimes they appear to be fully blue from early disturbance much like P. Baeocystis. Dosage:
Other Notes: Although it is sometimes confused with Psilocybe caerulipes, it can be distinguished by its rhomboid spores, larger stature, earlier fruiting season and membranous annulus. Links: Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): (5-) 10-20 (-35) µm in diam., conic to convex, then campanulate or subumbonate, frequently subpapillate, becoming shallowly depressed at the disc or plane in the old specimens, glabrous, but with traces of silky white veil at the margin in young stages, even to slightly translucent striate at the margin when moist, viscid to lubricous, with cuticle removable, hygrophanous, dark reddish brown or orangish brown to olivaceous brown or fulvous brown, fading out to ochraceous or pale ochre tone, staining slightly greenish-blue when injured or with the age. Lamellae (Gills): adnate or sinuate or adnexed, yellowish brown at first, soon violet brown or chocolate brown to blackish violet, uniform or somewhat mottled, with whitish edges. Stipe (stem): (20-) 35-65 (-75) x (1.5-) 2-4 (-6) mm, equal or slightly enlarged at the base, cylindric or subcylindric, twisted striate at times, flexuous, glabrous to slightly fibrillose, dry, stuffed with white mycelium to hollow, white or whitish silky to ochraceous or brownish fibrillose; easily staining blue-green when injured or touched, mainly on the base, which finally becomes blackish. Containing a veil that is a white, thin membrane forming an annulus, fragile and persistent, rarely absent (Plate 7), thin, white, smooth below but slightly striate above, with subgelatinous margin; easily bluing along the margin. Microscopic Features: Spores deep violaceous to dark violaceous purple.(8.2-) 9.3-10.4 (-13.5) X 6-7.1 (-7.7) x 5.5-6.6 µm, subrhomboid in face view, Subellipsoid in side view, with a hilar appendage visible and a truncate apex with a broad germ pore, thick walled, dingy yellow brown. basidia: 16.5-33 x 5.5-8.8 µm, 4-spored, hyaline, sterigmata 3-4.4 µm long, subcylindric, with the median region slightly constricted. pleurocystidia: absent. cheilocystidia: 22-30 x 4.4-6.6 µm, abundant, forming a sterile band, hyaline, lageniform, fusiform-lanceolate or fusoid-ampullaceous, with an elongate and flexuous neck, 1-2.2 µm in diameter, sometimes irregularly branched. Subhymenium seemingly not cellular, with yellowish brown, hyphae with pigment irregularly incrusted and distributed on the hyphae walls. Trama regular with hyaline elongate cylindric or subglobose hyphae cells. Epicutis consisting of a thick pellicle with filamentous hyphae, moderately to strongly gelatinized, hyaline or yellowish, 1.6-5 µm in diameter. Hypodermium of compact subglobose hyphae, 5-10 µm diam., hyaline or more or less colores brownish to brownish red. The hyphae of the annulus hyaline, parallel to the surface, some gelatinized, 2-9 µm diam. Yellow brown lactiferous hyphae 2-5 µm diam. present in the hypodermium. Clamp connections present on all the hyphae. Season: August to December and is sometimes found rarely in the spring. Habitat and Distribution: Growing in the Pacific Northwest Look in older lawns that are well kept. Parks, churches, court houses, government buildings, libraries, schools (around the edges, don't waste your time in the fields). Aslo in conifer mulch and bark chips. HD MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: P. stuntzii is found growing scattered to gregarious to cespitose, and very rarely singularly. Bruising: Bruising may not be heavy in this species. It does however have a blue ring around the stipe, and a blue margin and base when handled. Dosage:
Other Notes: The mushroom is named in honor of mycologist Daniel Stuntz of the University of Washington. It was originally identified growing on the University of Washington campus. Links: Psilocybe stuntzii -MushroomObserver Psilocybe stuntzii -Thread (NeoSporen) (video and pictures at the bottom) Psilocybe stuntzii -Gallery (NeoSporen) (0427-0422 & 0201-0197) Wiki Pileus (Cap): The cap is 1-6 cm, conical to convex, tan brown, hygrophanous, margin striate when moist, and often has a broad umbo. It bruises bluish where damaged. Pileus (Cap): The cap is 1–6 cm in diameter, conical to convex, tan brown, hygrophanous, margin striate when moist, uplifting in age, and often with a slight umbo. It bruises bluish where damaged. Lamellae (Gills): The gills are crowded, sometimes forking, slightly mottled, cream color when young, violet brown in age, with adnate to adnexed and sometimes subdecurrent attachment. Stipe (stem): The stipe is 2.5 to 6.5 cm long, .2 to .3 cm thick, white to gray, finely striate, and equal to slightly enlarged near the base. It has a well-developed partial veil which leaves a persistent membranous annulus on the upper stem. It bruises blue where damaged. Microscopic Features: The spores are dark violet brown, rhomboid to subrhomboid to subellipsoid, and 7.5-12 x 6.5-8.5 µm . Season: April to July Habitat and Distribution: Found growing in wood chips, piles of leaves, and woody debris in urban areas and along trails and roads in deciduous forests and gardens. It is occasionally found in dung. In southern Japan and subtropical Java. This species or a very similar one has also been reported from the Bay Area of California. Growth Habit: Psilocybe subaeruginascens grows in gregariously and in cespitose clusters. Bruising: Bruising easily where damaged. Dosage:
Other Notes: This mushroom is closely related to Psilocybe subfimetaria and Psilocybe stuntzii. Links: Psilocybe subaeruginascens -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): The cap is 1–6 cm in diameter, conical to convex, tan brown, hygrophanous, margin striate when moist, uplifting in age, and often with a slight umbo. It bruises bluish where damaged. Lamellae (Gills): The gills are crowded, cream color when young, violet brown in age, with adnate to adnexed attachment. Stipe (Stem:) The stipe is 4.5 to 12 cm long, 0.2 to 0.4 cm thick, white, finely striate, and equal to slightly enlarged near the base. A white cortinate partial veil soon disappears and often leaves traces in the upper stem. Microscopic features: The spores are dark violet brown, subellipsoid, and 14 x 7 µm. Season: April to August. Habitat and Distribution: wood such as wood chips in urban areas, Pine tree plantations and woody debris in forests and gardens. It is common in southern parts of Australia and New Zealand. Michael Kuhne MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Psilocybe subaeruginosa grows solitary to gregarious. Bruising: Bruising when handled. Dosage:
Other Notes: Psilocybin has been isolated from this species in 0.45% yield. In the same study, Psilocin was not detectable with the analytical methods used (chromatographic separation and UV spectroscopy), and was estimated to be present at less than 1% of the psilocybin content. Links: Psilocybe subaeruginosa -MushroomObserver Edited by Joust (01/09/13 09:25 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Woodland Habitats: (Least Rare* - Most Rare***) Wiki Pileus (Cap): 2-8 cm broad, convex at first with salmon colored and/or livid red patches. Typically with a blue/green hue on the margin or entire pileus surface when young over a yellow background. Fibrillose scaly when mature with darker brown to black patches with distinct blue/green hues. Drying straight to slightly umbonate with a slightly upturned margin. The odor is mild and taste somewhat bitter. Lamellae (Gills): Adnexed to adnate or slightly decurrent when young. Yellowish to rusty depending on maturity. Broad to medium broad, crowded with maturity, close when young. Edges even when young to slightly rough with age. Stipe (Stem): 3-12 cm long, 10-15 mm thick, concolorous and at time striate. Either fibrillose or glabrous. Dry, often with an arachnoid veil which is yellowish to rusty. Sometimes disappearing leaving an apical evanescent zone. Covered in spores at maturity, sometimes staining slight brownish to reddish. Sometimes bruising bluish/green at the base and/or on pins. Microscopic Features: Spores are 6-8.5 x 4-4.5, "rusty colored," ellipsoid in face view, inequilateral in profile view, no germ pore, ferruginous in KOH, dextrinoid. Basidia 4-spored 24-29 x 5-7. Pleurocystidia, ventricose, rare, 23-35x5-7. Basidioles, rare, clavate, brown 22-27x5-6. Cheilocystidia, flask-shaped to ventricose, capitate or subcapitate, 20-38 x 5-7. Gill trama, subparallel hyphae. Pileus trama = interwoven. pileocystidia is non existant. Caulocystidia, cylindric-clavate, scattered or in tufts. Season: Spring, fall, and winter. Habitat and Distribution: On both conifer and hardwood mulch, logs, and stumps in the Pacific Northwest and on the East Coast of North America. INLS UCSD MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gregariously to cespitosely, in clusters. Bruising: May bruise blue or green on the cap or at the base. The green and blue bruising will apear as spots on the cap and may not bruise upon handling. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: "Typically with a blue/green hue on the margin or entire pileus surface when young over a yellow background" (Bloodworm). "Sometimes bruising bluish/green at the base and/or on pins" (Bloodworm). Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus aeruginosus -MushroomObserver Gymnopilus aeruginosus -Thread (Bloodworm) Pileus (Cap): 4cm. Hemispheric, Becoming convex. Margin in-rolled, Becoming sub-irregular. Vinaceous at first. Breaking up into vinaceous tufted fibrils. Fibrillose on margin. Cutis beginning pink, Becoming yellow but remaining pink at disc. Context whitish/ Pink, Staining pink in immature specimens. Staining green in spots. Lamellae (Gills): Sinuate, Shortly decurrent tooth. Light yellow in young specimens, Becoming rust spotted in age. Tawny, Ocherous orange by maturity. Fimbriate. Cortinate partial veil white in immature specimens. Stipe (Stem): 4cm X 7mm. Tapering to yellow, Sub-bulbous base. Beginning pink, Becoming yellow from base up but remaining pink at apex. Covered with brown, Appressed fibrils. Fibrils white above apex. Fugacious veil quickly disappearing. Stuffed-hollow. Context whitish, staining pink in immature specimens. Apex darkens dramatically when damaged. Microscopic features: Distinctively ocherous orange. Spores 6 x 8.5 x 4.5 — 5 µm ellipsoid to ovoid in face view, dextrinoid, verruculose, no germ pore. Pleurocystidia 22— 33 x 6— 7 µm, cheilocystidia 20 — 34 x 3 — 7 µm, caulocystidia none, clamp connections present. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: G. braendlei grows on dead hardwoods and probably conifers, It is widespread in the eastern U.S. Also present in the Western United States. David Fox and Christina Fox MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Solitary to gregariously or in small clusters Bruising: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus braendlei -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 5-40 cm broad. Convex to broadly convex, expanding to nearly plane wiyth age. Bright yellowish orange, becoming rusty orange to tawny gold to orangish brown or reddish brown at maturity. Surface dry, covered with fibrils or small fibrillose scales. Margin incurved at first, and when young can be decorated with remnants of the veil, straightening or becoming wavy in age. Flesh yellowish. Sometimes bruising blue/green in young specimens. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate to sinuate to subdecurrent. Pale yellow to rusty orange, becoming rusty brown with spore maturity. Close to crowded. Stipe (Stem): 30-250 mm long by 1-10 mm thick. Firm, solid, unequal, swelling in the middle or often narrowing towards the base. Surface covered with fine fibrils below the ring. Partial veil densely cortinate to membranous, usually leaving a well-formed, membranous annulus in the superior regions of the stem, soon dusted rusty orange from spores. Microscopic features: Spores rusty orange in deposit, ovoid to ellipsoid, roughened, 7-10.5 by 4.6-6 microns. Basidia 2- and 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia fusoid-ventricose with subcapitate apices, 18-24 by 4-7 microns. Season: Late july through november, although there have been reports that it can fruit in all times of the year given the right conditions. Habitat and Distribution: Look in in the woods on both dead conifers and hardwoods, Usually found in older growth patches of woods of the Pacific Northwest and also on the East Coast of North America. Blurk MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Always growing saprotrophically, in clusters and groups. Bruising: Bruising will not be obvious in this species as it is not as potent as other active Gymnopilus species. There may be green or blue bruising on the cap as well as the stem and base, but not always. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Even though many mushroom enthusiasts state that this mushroom is inactive on the west coast of the USA, "I found a patch that were highly hallucinogenic in the west coast (Joust). Studies need to be done to determine that there aren't actually two groups of junonius; ones that are active and ones that are not. Some speculate that there is two separate species, G. junonius and G. spectabilis. Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus junonius -MushroomObserver *The pictures displayed here may not be true G. liquiritiae, no microscopy has been done on these observations. However they are a good representation of what the species may look like. Wiki Pileus (Cap): 2 – 8 cm in diameter; initially convex, becoming nearly plane to nearly umbonate in age, dry, smooth, rusty brown to orange color, margin even, at length striatulate (with marked by small lines, grooves or ridges), cracking slightly in age, flesh pale yellow to pale orange. Lamellae (Gills): Close to crowded; broad, edges fimbriate, yellowish or pale orange, eventually orange; sometimes with reddish brown spots. Stipe (stem): (1)3 – 7 cm long; (2)3 — 8(10) mm thick; more or less equal, or tapering in either direction; sometimes slightly, even to off-center; smooth or finely fibrous; whitish to pale orange; yellowish or rusty colored mycelium at the base of the stalk. No partial veil. Microscopic Features: Rusty Brown Spores 7 — 8.5(10) x 4 — 5.5 µm, elliptical; pleurocystidia (inconspicuous), cheilocystidia, pileocystidia and caulocystidia present Season: Much like other Gymnopilus species it is found Late july through november, but really depends on the conditions. Habitat and Distribution: Gymnopilus liquiritiae is a widely distributed wood rotting mushroom, subcaespitose on conifer, seems to prefer dead hardwood in the southern regions. Much like G. junonius these are found on decaying wood, both hardwoods and conifers, I have found them mostly on conifers, but I live in a heavy conifer zone. They can grow on newly fallen trees sometimes as old as a year, but prefer older logs, fallen trees, and wood chips. [/image][/url] Pat Robinson MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Singularly or in clusters, sometimes fruiting in great numbers in wood chips. Bruising: The cap will bruise blue or green upon handling or already have blue or green spots. The base will bruise blue or green as well as the stipe in some cases. Dosage:
Other Notes: One of its key distinguishing features is the lack of partial veil. Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus liquiritiae -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 2-15 cm broad, convex or obtuse becoming nearly plane sometimes uplifted; surface dry, and first cover with dense, dark red or purple red scales these fade to yellowish red then yellow, scales diminish with age. Surface of cap sometimes staining blue, especially younger mushrooms. Caps of mushrooms growing in clusters often orange from spores. Flesh redish yellow when cut and fadding to to yellow. Lamellae (Gills): notched to adnate or slightly decurrent, close, 3 or 4 tiers of lamellulae, at first yellow, pinkish where bruised becoming bright rusty orange as spores mature. Stipe (stem): 3-10cm long, .4-2.5cm (4cm)thick, fleshy equal or enlarged below, sometimes tapered at base when clustered, center with fibrous pith, sometimes becoming hollow with age. Colored the same as the cap usually darker. Stems sometimes staining blue.superior cortinate sometimes vanishing, colored reddish orange by spore deposit. Microscopic Features: Bright rusty orange sometimes collecting on cap, veil remnants and wood chips below cap. Spores 6-9 x 4.5-5.5 µ; warty; elliptical; dextrinoid. Pleurocystidia infrequent and inconspicuous. Cheilocystidia usually abundant; fusoid-ventricose, rostrate, capitate, or lecythiform. Caulocystidia absent. Season: Much like other Gymnopilus species it is found Late july through november, but really depends on the conditions. Habitat and Distribution: Growing in the east and west of North America, widely distributed. Much like G. junonius these are found on decaying wood, both hardwoods and conifers, I have found them mostly on conifers, but I live in a heavy conifer zone. They can grow on newly fallen trees sometimes as old as a year, but prefer older logs, fallen trees, and wood chips. Pat Robinson MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Singularly or in clusters, sometimes fruiting in great numbers in wood chips. Bruising: The cap will bruise blue or green upon handling or already have blue or green spots. The base will bruise blue or green as well as the stipe. Dosage:
Other Notes: "They are always active in my experience and will have blue and green stained spots if you look close enough, sometimes they are quite obvious" (Joust). Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus luteofolius -MushroomObserver *The pictures displayed here may not be true G. luteoviridis, no microscopy has been done on these observations. However they are a good representation of what the species may look like. Pileus (Cap): 2.5– 4 cm in diameter, moderately thick (4 – 5 mm), convex to subconic with an incurved margin when young, becoming nearly flat. Straw yellow to mustard yellow, smooth, conspicuously fibrillose, with pale fulvous scales along the margin and becoming olivaceous towards the center of the cap, flesh the same color as the surface. Staining greenish where injured. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to adnexed with a short decurrent tooth, thin, close to subdistant, cream buff to dark yellow, becoming rusty brown with age, edges the same color as the gill face. Stipe (stem): 4– 6 cm x 0.3— 0.5 cm, tapering slightly at the apex, stuffed to hollow, surface dry, glabrous, vertically striate, yellowish buff, staining greenish when handled or in age, the partial veil sometimes forms a faint fibrillose annular zone near the apex. Microscopic Features: Spores 5.5 — 7 x 4 — 5(5.5) µm ellipsoid in face view, dextrinoid, wrinkled-rough, no germ pore. Pleurocystidia present, cheilocystidia present. Pileocystidia and caulocystidia none. Clamp connections are present. Season: August to November. Habitat and Distribution: Gymnopilus luteoviridis is found growing gregarious to cespitose on oak stumps and hardwoods from August to November. It is widely distributed in eastern North America. Aleksander Bolbot MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Singularly or in clusters, sometimes fruiting in great numbers in wood chips. Bruising: The base will bruise blue or green as well as the stipe. Dosage:
Other Notes: Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus luteoviridis -MushroomObserver Edited by Joust (01/08/13 12:42 AM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Pileus (Cap): 5 — 10(15) cm, Convex or nearly flat with an incurved margin that slightly overhangs the gills. Buff yellow to warm buff orange, often slightly darker towards the center, dry, smooth, silky or finely floccose-fibrillose, sometimes floccose-sqaumulose toward the center, flesh firm, pale yellow. Staining orange-brownish or sometimes bluish-green where injured or on age. Lamellae (Gills): Adnexed, thin, close, pale yellow, becoming rusty brown with age. Stipe (Stem): 4 — 8(9) cm, .5 — 1.5 cm thick, equal to slightly enlarging below, solid, firm, colored like the cap, developing yellowish-rusty stains when handled, finely hairy, partial veil usually forms a fragile submembraneous ring or fibrillose annular zone near the apex. Staining orange-brownish or sometimes bluish-green where injured or in age. Microscopic features: Spores rusty brown-orange in deposit, Spores 6 — 9 x 4 — 5(5.5) µm minutely warty, elliptical, dextrinoid, surface finely roughened, no germ pore. Pleurocystidia present, cheilocystidia scarcely projecting beyond the basidia, variously shaped. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections present. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: On dead hardwoods and probably conifers, widely distributed in eastern North America. INLS UCSD MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gymnopilus luteus is found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters Bruising: Green or light blue bruising at the base on possibly on the pileus. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Often mistaken for Gymnopilus junonius. Gymnopilus luteus is a member of the Gymnopilus junonius (also known as "Gymnopilus spectabilis") species group. Like the other species in the group it grows on wood and has a medium sized or large cap, a partial veil that usually leaves a ring or ring zone on the stem, an orange to orange-brown spore print, and a bitter taste. Unlike the others, however, it is apparently limited to the hardwood forests of eastern North America, and features yellow colors as well as a slender stem. Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus luteus -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): Convex to expanded, at length depressed, cepitose, 2-5cm. broad; surface dry, floccose-squamose, pale-ferruginous to ochraceous, margin even, not striate. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate, subcrowded, broad, at length ventricose, ferruginous at maturity ; Stipe (Stem): Cylindric, slightly fibrillose, subconcolorous but paler, solid, fleshy, yellowish within, 3-5cm long, 3-5 mm thick. veil strongly developed, pale-yellowish, subannulate. Microscopic features: Spores ellipsoid, ferruginous, echinulate-punctate, 10x um. Season: March to September. Habitat and Distribution: Gymnopilus palmicola grows on the logs of palms, and on living orchids. It has been found in Cuba, Mexico, and Florida. Kadeve MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gymnopilus purpuratus is found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters Bruising: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Other Notes: Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus palmicola -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 2.5-10cm across, convex becoming flatter with an inrolled margin; buttons pinky-brown lilac then dull greenish or bluish green, blue and yellow mixed; dry, slightly hairy or scaly around the disc, becoming smooth in age. Lamellae (Gills): adnate to sinuate, close to subdistant, broad; olive-yellow when young, becoming dotted with yellow or rusty-red stains in age, particularly at the edges. Stipe (Stem): 2100-150 x 5-l0mm, stuffed then hollow; same color as cap, staining brownish yellow or olive-ochre within; wavy, lined. No Veil. Flesh thin at the edge; greenish yellow. Odor pleasant, not distinctive. Taste very bitter. Microscopic features: Spores ovoid or ellipsoid, warty or roughened, 4-5.5 x 3.5-4µ. Deposit brownish rust. Clamp connections present. Habitat singly or scattered on debris, rich humus, and coniferous wood. Frequent. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: On dead hardwoods and probably conifers in the Pacific Northwest and California. David Fox and Christina Fox MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gymnopilus purpuratus is found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters Bruising: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Other Notes: Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus punctifolius -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 20-50 mm Broad, reddish-brown, with small erect scales appeareaing dense, especially in age, not viscid, convex, obtuse or subumbonate with a slight umbilicus in the center. Lamellae (Gills): Slightly crenulate, close, rounded-adnexed. Yellow (nankeen to primrose). Stipe (Stem): 25-55 x 3-9 mm. Brazil brown (brown-red) covered by fibrils. Equal and dusted by spores in age. Context purple, often disappearing, fleshy, developing in most specimens blue spots or areas along the surface where the stems have been touched or scratched. Veil thick and black Microscopic features: Spores rusty brown-orange in deposit, 8-9 (11) X 4.8-5.5-(6) mics. verrucose in circumference, without plage and without a germ pore. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: On dead hardwoods and probably conifers, The Austral Floral Zone, Chili, Argentina, Great Britain and Germany. David Fox and Christina Fox MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gymnopilus purpuratus is found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters Bruising: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Other Notes: This species was first identified in Australia by mycologist John Burton Cleland as Flammula Purpurata (derived from the Latin Purpuratus, clad in purple). Cleland described this species as being found on fallen trunks of wood. Gymnopilus purpuratus is an agaric identified from the austral floral zone and was also collected in Chile and identified by Singer in 1951, who also identified this species from Kew gardens in Surrey. This species blues easily, taste very bitter and is probably hallucinogenic. 1992 chemical analysis of collections from Germany by Dr. Jochen Gartz of the University of Leipzig and others have demonstrated high levels of psilocin and low levels of baeocystin. Dr. Gartz reported that "since 1983, this species has been observed on heaps of pig dung and woodchips in the district Rostock, Northern G. D. R. (East Germany). A chemical analysis done by Jochen Gartz found that this species contains 0.34% psilocybin, 0.29% psilocin and 0.05% baeocystin. Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus purpuratus -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 18-53 mm broad, convex, plane-convex to plane, finally uplifted, dry, squarrose to appresed-squamulose, especially on the disc, small scales of fibrilles reddish brown to purple, back ground color to orange yellowish, light reddish yellow or purple yellow, scales sometimes evanescent with age, margin entire, with ferruginous-brownarachnoid remains of the partial veil; pileus surface staining green when bruised. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate with or without a desurrent tooth to subdecurrent, close, broad to subventricose, yellow to ferruginous orange or ferruginous brown when mature, edge entire to subfarinaceous, yellowish. Stipe (Stem): 10-30 x 2-6 (-9) mm, central to excentric, equal, slightly broader at the base, folded like an "L" or suberect, fibrillose, grayish white with purple or reddish stains, solid to hollow. veil arachnoid, ferruginous brown, forming an inconspicuous apical fibrillose annulus. context whitish to yellow whitish. Microscopic features: Spores ferruginous brown in mass, 6-8 x 4-4.8um, ellipsoid, verruculose germ pore absent, yellowish-ornage-brown, with refringent context, dextrinoid. Basidia 19.2-24 x 5.6 - 7.2 um, bi-or tetrasporic, clavate or subcylindric, some with central construction, with granulose, yellowish grey content, sterigmata 1.6-4um long. pleurocystidia absent. cheilocystidia 16.8 - 28 x 5.6-7.8 um, apex 3.2-6.4um in diameter, flask shaped, subcapitate or capitate, some with a long neck, with granulose, yellowish grey contents, gill trama subparrallel. pileus trama interwovem, hyphea 4-24um broad, septate, with thin wall. cuticle with hyphea 4-14.4um braod, postrate, yellowish, exept for fibrils, which are yellow -orange-brown, some with distinct incrustations. pileocystidia absent. caulocystidia 24-68 x 3.6-12um, apex 4.8-8um broad, cylindric, ventricose cylindric subcapitate or capitate, some flask shaped or clavate, hyaline or rarely yellowish grey or yellowish orange, present only in the stipe apex, in tufts, very common. clam connections present. laticiferous hyphae present. a yellowish pigment is isolved when mounted in KOH. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: Substrate conifer, original collection on pine-wood of unknown origen studied int eh state of Jalisco, Mexico. David Fox and Christina Fox MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gregarious to cespitose. Bruising: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Other Notes: Odor farinaceous and sweet, taste bitter. Koh staining pileus with olivaceous-green spots or purple margins; on the lamellae yellowish brown; on the stipe purple brown to almost black and ont he context greenish yellow. G. subpurpuratus is charecterized by the small fibrollise-scales on the disc, the greenish stains and the veil forming an annular zone. The green staining suggests that the species belongs the G. luteofolius/aeruginosus clade. It can be differentiated between G. aeruginosus by the lack of yellow and reddish spots, less scaly and lacks pleurocystidia and has a different type of caulocystidia. Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus subpurpuratus -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 8 cm, thick, convex with a large umbo, ochraceous, dry, with conspicuous light reddish brown scales that are sparse but become denser toward the center; flesh firm, becoming green-spotted where handled. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate, broad, crowded, edges undulate, dingy brown to rusty brown with age. Stipe (Stem): 6 cm x 2 cm thick, enlarging below, solid, firm, colored like the cap. Microscopic features: Spores Reddish Brown (6)7 x 8.5 x (3.5)4 — 5 µm ellipsoid, not dextrinoid, minutely verruculose, obliquely pointed at one end, no germ pore. Pleurocystidia absent, Cheilocystidia 20 — 26 x 5 — 7 µm, caulocystidia 35 — 43 x 4 — 7 µm, clamp connections present. Season: October to November. Habitat and Distribution: Gymnopilus viridans is found on coniferous wood. Washington. Growth Habit: Gregarious to cespitose. Bruising: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Other Notes: Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis G. valipides G. liquiritiae G. viridans Links: Gymnopilus viridans -MushroomObserver *The pictures displayed here may not be true G. validipes, little microscopy has been done on these observations. However they are a good representation of what the species may look like* Pileus (Cap): (4)7.5 — 15(30) cm, Convex to broadly convex, becoming plane in age. margin deeply incurved at first, becoming revolute with age, dry, fibrillose or with small ochraceous brown scales, pale-yellow or ochraceous buff, flesh soft, whitish, yellowish near the gills. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to uncinate to decurrent with a tooth, close, thin, narrow, yellowish white becoming cinnamon. Stipe (Stem): (7.5)10 — 13(25) cm. long, (1.5)2.5 — 5 cm. thick, equal or swelling in the middle, fleshy-fibrous, solid, elastic, fibrillose, concolorous, white within, the cortina leaves only a faint ring on the robust stalk. Microscopic features: 7.5-10 x 4.5-5 um, ellipsoid, more rarely subvoid in face view, slighty inequilateral in profile, verrucose, furruginous in KOH, a few dextrinoid at once and all dextrinoid after one hour. Basidia 23-28 x 5-7um (2-)4 spored. Pleurocystidia 23-28 x 5-7um, ventricose, inconspicuous; cheilocystidia 23-30 x 3-7um, flask shaped, capitate or subcapitate. Gill trama of subparallel hyphae, 5-9um broad;subhymenium not distinctive. pileus trama of radial hyphae (scales). No caulocystidia or pileocystidia. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: Originally found in a small excavation near a farmhouse, wide spread over the Eastern part of North America. Derek Harper MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gregarious to cespitose. Bruising: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Other Notes: It is distinguished by its ochraceiys pileus, mild taste, yellowisg white stipe, radially arranged hyphae of the pileus trama and the absence of both pileocystidia and caulocystidia. It is allied to the complex of G. spectabilis, G. luteus, G. ventricosus, and G. armillatus. Other Species: G. punctifolius G. palmicola G. luteoviridis &nbs Edited by Joust (01/07/13 11:50 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Wiki Pileus (cap): 3-7 cm broad, convex to broadly convex, expanding with age to broadly convex to plane. Gray to gray greenish, to blueish gray, darker towards the disc. Surface smooth to finely scaly near the center. Lamellae (Gills): Free, not attached. Pallid to cream, soon pinkish to salmon coloured at spore maturity. Stem: 40-100 mm long by 2-6 mm thick. White to grayish green, often with bluish tones. Flesh often bruising bluish where injured, especially near the base. Base of stem bruising bluish. Stipe (stem): 3 — 5(10) long, 0.2 — 0.6 cm thick, more or less equal or slightly swollen at the base, flesh white with grayish-green to bluish-green tones, especially near the base. Ring absent. Firm, full or stuffed. Microscopic features: Spores pinkish in deposit, smooth, ellipsoid to egg shaped, 7-8.5 by 5-6 u. Pleurocystidia fusiform to lageniform, with or without hooked ends, 58-90 by 10-22 u and with an apex 5-10 u thick. Cheilocystidia pear shaped to clavate to cylindrical or slightly lageniform, 30-85 by 8-20 u. Season: August through november. Habitat and Distribution: Growing in the woods mostly on hardwoods in the forests of the pacific northwest however, reports have been found of this species growing on conifers in an old growth area. University of Kentucky MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Mostly singularly, but sometimes in small groups or two or three in a cluster. Bruising: The base will show obvious blue bruising, the cap may also have blue spots where handled. Dosage:
Other Notes: P. salicinus for any other Pluteus sp. because they will be blue on the base or will blue almost immediately after picked. Weakly to moderately active. Stijve and Kuyper (1985) reported 0.05-0.25 psilocybin, no psilocin, and from zero to 0.008 baeocystin. Christiansen et al. (1984) found 0.35 psilocybin and 0.011psilocin. See also Saupe (1981) and Stijve and Bonnard (1986). The Field Guide to Mushrooms of Southern Africa by G.C.A. Van der Westhuizen and Albert Eicker (1994) lists Pluteus salicinus as edible although their description lacks any mention of a bluing reaction. This species may have races that vary in their chemical content from region to region. Heres the differences between P. salicinus and P. cyanopus P. cyanopus- Cap wrinkled in the center; cap margin lined; gills well spaced, their edges not discoloring; odor and taste mild; spores 6-7 x 5-6 µ; cystidia without spines. Pluteus cyanopus P. salicinus- Cap center not wrinkled; cap margin not lined; gills crowded, their edges discoloring grayish; odor and taste unpleasant; spores 7-9 x 5-6 µ; cystidia with spines. Links: Pluteus cyanopus -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (cap): 3-7 cm broad, convex to broadly convex, expanding with age to broadly convex to plane. Gray to gray greenish, to blueish gray, darker towards the disc. Surface smooth to finely scaly near the center. Lamellae (Gills): Free, not attached. Pallid to cream, soon pinkish to salmon coloured at spore maturity. Stem: 40-100 mm long by 2-6 mm thick. White to grayish green, often with bluish tones. Flesh often bruising bluish where injured, especially near the base. Base of stem bruising bluish. Stipe (stem): 3 — 5(10) long, 0.2 — 0.6 cm thick, more or less equal or slightly swollen at the base, flesh white with grayish-green to bluish-green tones, especially near the base. Ring absent. Firm, full or stuffed. Microscopic features: Spores pinkish in deposit, smooth, ellipsoid to egg shaped, 7-8.5 by 5-6 u. Pleurocystidia fusiform to lageniform, with or without hooked ends, 58-90 by 10-22 u and with an apex 5-10 u thick. Cheilocystidia pear shaped to clavate to cylindrical or slightly lageniform, 30-85 by 8-20 u. Season: August through november. Habitat and Distribution: Growing in the woods mostly on hardwoods in the forests of the pacific northwest however, reports have been found of this species growing on conifers in an old growth area. University of Kentucky MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Mostly singularly, but sometimes in small groups or two or three in a cluster. Bruising: The base will show obvious blue bruising, the cap may also have blue spots where handled. Dosage:
Other Notes: P. salicinus for any other Pluteus sp. because they will be blue on the base or will blue almost immediately after picked. Weakly to moderately active. Stijve and Kuyper (1985) reported 0.05-0.25 psilocybin, no psilocin, and from zero to 0.008 baeocystin. Christiansen et al. (1984) found 0.35 psilocybin and 0.011psilocin. See also Saupe (1981) and Stijve and Bonnard (1986). The Field Guide to Mushrooms of Southern Africa by G.C.A. Van der Westhuizen and Albert Eicker (1994) lists Pluteus salicinus as edible although their description lacks any mention of a bluing reaction. This species may have races that vary in their chemical content from region to region. Heres the differences between P. salicinus and P. cyanopus P. cyanopus- Cap wrinkled in the center; cap margin lined; gills well spaced, their edges not discoloring; odor and taste mild; spores 6-7 x 5-6 µ; cystidia without spines. Pluteus cyanopus P. salicinus- Cap center not wrinkled; cap margin not lined; gills crowded, their edges discoloring grayish; odor and taste unpleasant; spores 7-9 x 5-6 µ; cystidia with spines. Links: Pluteus salicinus -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): The cap is 2–5 cm, conical to plane, chestnut brown, hygrophanous, and bruises blue/green where damaged. It often has a broad umbo. Lamellae (Gills): The gills are cream-colored when young and violet yellowish brown in age, with an adnate attachment. Stipe (Stem): The stipe is pruinose, with fibrils near the base. Microscopic features: Psilocybe aucklandii spores are dark violet brown, oblong to ellipsoid, and 7 x 4 µm. The stipe is 4–9 cm long and .2–.5 cm thick. It is brown and bruises blueish. Season: Habitat and Distribution: Psilocybe aucklandii grows in leaf litter and woody debris. Its type collection was in Auckland, New Zealand. MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Mushrooms typically fruit in groups of 5 to 20, sometimes in bundles. Bruising: Bruising blue when injured. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Links: Psilocybe aucklandii -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): The cap is convex to bell-shaped, sometimes developing a broad umbo before expanding and flattening in age; it reaches a diameter of 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in). In maturity, the cap eventually forms a central depression, and, in some old specimens, opens into the hollow stem. The cap surface is slimy to the touch, and has translucent striations along the margin when moist. The cap is strongly hygrophanous, meaning that it will change color depending on its level of hydration. The color ranges from yellowish-brown to golden yellow in young button forms to brownish-gray in age, with greenish-gray tints on the margin. The color later changes to whitish from the center to the margin, finally remaining completely white; dried specimens are straw colored to pale brownish. In contrast to most psilocybin mushrooms, the cap of P. aztecorum does not have a strong bluing reaction upon injury—only the margin stains slightly green-blue. Lamellae (Gills): The gills are adnate (broadly attached to the stem slightly above the bottom of the gill) or adnexed (reaching the stem, but not attached to it), and are light violet gray to dark violet brown. They are either uniform in color, or have whitish edges. Stipe (Stem): The hollow stem is 5.5 to 7.5 cm (2.2 to 3.0 in) by 3 to 4 mm (0.12 to 0.16 in) thick, equal in width throughout or thicker at the top, cylindric or sometimes flattened, and either straight or with turns and windings. Its surface is smooth, silky-fibrillose, whitish to greyish, and stains blue-green irregularly when touched or in age. The base of the stem is densely covered with well-developed white rhizomorphs. Young mushrooms have a white cobweb-like partial veil that does not last long before it disappears, although it sometimes remains as a non-permanent ring on the upper part of the stem. The flesh is whitish to yellowish or reddish-yellow in the cap, or reddish-brown in the stem, and shows little or no bluing reaction to injury. Like most of the bluing Psilocybe mushrooms, the odor and taste of P. aztecorum is slightly farinaceous (similar to freshly ground flour) in fresh specimens; dried specimens have a more intense odor. A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide (KOH) stains the cap, stem, and flesh reddish-brown; sometimes, the stem does not stain or stains slightly yellowish red. The spore print is blackish-violet. Microscopic features: The spores are elongated-ellipsoid in face view, roughly terete (more or less cylindrical but usually tapering at both ends), slightly inequilateral or asymmetrical in side view—the so-called "mango" form. They typically have dimensions of 12–14 by 6.6–7.7 by 6–7.5 μm, although some spores have irregular shapes and are strongly elongated, up to 23 μm. Spores are thick-walled (generally between 1–1.5 μm), dark yellowish-brown, and have a broad germ pore. The variety bonetii has smaller spores measuring 10–13 by 6–7.5 by 6–7 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) measure 24–33 by 6.6–8.8 μm, and may be attached to anywhere from one to four spores, although four-spored basidia are most common. They are hyaline to sometimes somewhat yellowish, club-shaped or roughly cylindrical, and some have a slight constriction around the middle. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the edge of a gill) are abundant, forming a sterile band on the gill edge. They are hyaline, fusoid-ampullaceous (with a shape ranging from a spindle to a swollen bottle), with dimensions of 20–45 by 5–8.2 μm, and have a filamentous neck measuring 6–11 by 1.6–2.5 μm. The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are scattered, similar to the cheilocystidia in form and size, hyaline, and some have bifurcated or branched necks. Season: P. aztecorum fruits from August to October. Habitat and Distribution: A lignicolous species, Psilocybe aztecorum lives in and decays dead wood, leaves, sticks, or other similar organic debris. Usual substrates include wood debris buried in soil, twigs or very rotten logs, and, rarely, pine cones. The mushroom is found in woodlands (a low-density forest or wooded area that allows sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor) containing Hartweg's Pine (Pinus hartwegii) in addition to grasses such as Festuca tolucensis and Muhlenbergia quadridentata, and the herbaceous plant Alchemilla procumbens, at elevations of 3,200–4,000 m (10,500–13,000 ft). Heim found the type specimens at an altitude of 3,500 m (11,500 ft) in an alpine pine forest. Alan Rockefeller MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Mushrooms typically fruit in groups of 5 to 20, sometimes in bundles. Bruising: Bruising blue when injured. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Psilocybe aztecorum contains the psychoactive compound psilocybin. In 1958, Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann reported a relatively low concentration of 0.02% psilocybin, but this analysis was performed on two-year-old specimens. Jonathan Ott and Guzmán indicated the presence of psilocybin in the variety bonartii. In terms of psychoactive potency, Paul Stamets rates P. aztecorum as "moderately to highly active". The statue of the Aztec "god of flowers", Xochipilli, a 16th-century stone effigy unearthed on the side of the volcano Popocatépetl, depicts a single figure seated cross-legged upon a temple-like base; his body is covered in carvings of sacred and psychoactive organisms. Circular patterns on his kneecaps, right forearm, and headdress have been interpreted by R. Gordon Wasson as stylized fruit bodies of Psilocybe aztecorum. Wasson says that the convex shape and incurved margins depicted in these images show the mushroom caps just before maturity. P. aztecorum is, in addition to P. caerulescens, one of two mushrooms thought to be the species described by 16th-century Spanish chronicler Bernardino de Sahagún as the teonanácatl ("flesh of the gods"). These mushrooms, considered holy sacraments by the Aztecs, were consumed during spiritual and divinatory rituals to induce hallucinatory visions. Links: Psilocybe aztecorum -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 5-15mm in diameter. conic to subumbionate, papillate, glabrous, even but slightly straite at the margin by translucence when moist, subviscid to lubricous, hygrophanous, reddish brown to darker on the margin, finally blackish brown; readily staining blue when touched. Lamellae (Gills): pale dark violet brown, sometimes with whitish subfloccose edges. Stipe (Stem): 80-95 x 1-2mm, equal or slightly thickened at the base, hollow, hypogeous almost one half of the total length, reddish brown above to blackish toward the base; covered with white scales mainly in the middle portion. Microscopic features: Spores 5-6.6x4.4-5.5 um rhomboid in face view, subellipsoid in side veiw, thick walled, dark yellowish brown, with a broad germ pore. Basidia 15-25 x 9-12um 4 spored, hyaline, ventricose to subpyriform. Pleurocystidia 16-30 x 6.6-13um scarce brownish or reddish yellow, rarely are hyaline, variable in form, fusiform or ventricose, often with a mucro, or with a short neck, or their are sublageniform. Season: Fruiting in summer. Habitat and Distribution: Growing on soil or humus, in deciduous forests or subtropical forests, with liquidambar styraciflua at 1500-1700m elevation. Known only from Mexico. MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Solitary or in small groups. Bruising: Bruising blue when injured. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: This species is close to P. heimii, but differs in the form of the cheilocystidia. Links: Psilocybe banderillensis -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): The cap is (1)3–7(10) cm broad. Convex to obtusely campanulate with an incurved margin at first, rarely becoming plane, and often are umbonate or with a slight depression in the center. It is viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle. The margin is slightly translucent-striate when moist. The cap is hygrophanous, yellowish brown to reddish brown with a silvery-blue metallic luster, paler at the margin, and drying to a beige or straw yellow. It readily bruises blue when handled, the younger specimens bruising bluish olivacous or even blackish. The cap often has a great variation in color and form. Lamellae (Gills): The gills are adnate to sinuate and close to subclose. They are whitish, yellowish grey when young, becoming dark violaceous brown to sepia brown with age; the edges remain slightly whitish. Stipe (Stem): The stipe is (2)5–9(13) cm long and (5)8–10(12) mm thick. It is equal or enlarging slightly at the base, and is somewhat flexous, hollow, and subpruinose to floccose. The stipe is whitish to reddish brown or blackish and readily bruises blue. Rhizomorphs are sometimes attached to the base. The veil is well-developed but does not form a permanent annulus. Microscopic features: The spores are subrhomboid to subellipsoid and (6)6.7–8(8.5) x 4–6 µm. The basidia each produce four spores, and occasionally only two spores. The cheilocystidia are 15–22(25) x 4.5–6 µm and fusoid, with a flexuous neck that is 1–2.5 µm broad. Psilocybe caerulescens var. caerulescens lacks pleurocystidia. Season: June through September. Habitat and Distribution: Psilocybe caerulescens (weilii) grows gregariously to cespitosely, from May to December. Psilocybe weilii is found under Loblolly Pine and Sweet Gum or in bermuda grass or fescue, often in red clay soil that is enriched with pine needles. It also grows in urban lawns and in the deep woods on areas where decaying wood collects. Psilocybe weilii is found only in northern Georgia. Disturbed or cultivated grounds often devoid of herbaceous plants. It often grows in sunny locations, preferring muddy orangish brown soils. Psilocybe caerulescens var. caerulescens was first reported from near Montgomery, Alabama, by Murrill in 1923 on sugarcane mulch, not re-documented from that locality since. It was recently found in South Carolina in September 2008. Psilocybe caerulescens is common and widespread throughout central regions of Mexico, also found in Venezuela and Brazil. Alan Rockefeller MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Found growing gregariously or cespitosely, rarely solitarily. Bruising: Bruising blue when injured. Dosage:
Other Notes: Psilocybin levels in this species were found to vary between 0.11% up to 1.34% by dry weight. The content of baeocystin and psilocybin was highest in the caps of the mushrooms. Links: Psilocybe caerulescens (weilii) -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 1 — 3.5 cm in diameter, obtusely conic to convex, and the margin is initially turned inwards, later becoming broadly convex to flattened or somewhat umbilicate while retaining a slight umbo, and at times quite irregular. The surface is viscid when moist from a gelatinous pellicle, but soon becomes dry and shiny, translucent-striate, and decorated with fine fibrillose veil remnants near the margin, often with greenish stains near the margin or a greenish tinge overall. It is cinnamon brown to dingy brown when fresh, hygrophanous, and soon fading to dingy ochraceous buff to cinnamon buff. The flesh is thin, pliant, bruising blue, sometimes slowly. Lamellae (Gills): Close to crowded, narrow with adnate to sinuate to uncinate attachment. They are light brown at first, becoming rusty cinnamon as the spores mature; the edges are whitish and slightly fimbriate. Stipe (Stem): 3–6 cm long, 1.5–3 mm thick, equal to enlarging downwards, tough, and is whitish to buff at first. The stipe is pallid to bluish when dried, becoming dingy brown towards the base with age, and bruises blue, sometimes slowly. The surface is powdered at the apex, and covered with whitish to grayish fibrils downwards. The flesh is stuffed with a pith and is solid at first but becomes hollow It lacks an annulus but sometimes remnants of the thin cortinate partial veil form a soon disappearing fibrillose annular zone in the upper region of the stem. Microscopic features: Spores are dark purple brown, ellipsoid, 7—10 x 4—5 µm from 4-spored basidia, thick-walled, and with a broad germ pore. The spores from 2-spored basidia are larger. The basidia are 2- and 4-spored. Pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 18—35 x 4.5—7.5 µm, langeniform (swollen at the base, narrowed at the top), and with a thin neck, sometimes forked, 1—2.5 µm broad at apices.[1] Season: June through December. Habitat and Distribution: in deciduous forests on hardwood slash and debris, plant matter, on or about decaying hardwood logs, birch, beech and maple. Psilocybe caerulipes grows in eastern North America, from Ontario to North Carolina, and west to Michigan. It has also been found as far south as Mexico.[1][2] It is often overlooked as just another little brown mushroom, and although widely distributed, it is not found often. It is sometimes confused with the larger Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata. Mikey MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Solitary to cespitose. Bruising: Bruising blue when injured, also known as the blue foot because of the bluing in the base of the fruitbody. Dosage: One to three mushrooms fresh. Other Notes: Psilocybin levels in this species were found to vary between 0.11% up to 1.34% by dry weight. The content of baeocystin and psilocybin was highest in the caps of the mushrooms. Links: Psilocybe caerulipes -MushroomObserver Edited by Joust (01/07/13 11:51 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Pileus (Cap): (5-) 10-15 (-250mm in diameter, conic or convex to campanulate, subumbonate or umbonate, frequently with papilla (1-2 mm high0, even and more or less glabrous, lubricous, striate at the margin when moist, sometimes somewhat wrinkled, strongly hygrophanous, dark reddish brown, brown chocolate or grayish brown, fading to brownish yellow, olivaceous, yellow or grayish green; turning blue when handled, sometimes becoming and remaining bluish black. Lamellae (Gills): adnexed, or somewhat sinuate, grayish to reddish brown, gray violaceuos or dark, violaceous, somewhat spotted, whith white edges. Stipe (Stem): 40-60 x 0.7-2mm, cylindric, equal or somewhat subbulbous, hollow, flexuous, cartilaginous, reddish brown but more paler at the apex; whitish mycelium present towards the base; covered with white floccose fibrils on the margin of the pileus, as small apendices. Microscopic features: Spores dark Purple-Brown 5.5-6 x 4.9-5.5um, subrhomboid in face veiw. subellipsiod in profile veiw, smooth, thick walled dark yellowish brown with a broad germ pore. Basidia 11-20x 4.5-6.5 4 spored or 2 spored, hyaline, ventricose cylindric or cylindric pyriform. Pleurocystidia scanty difficult to find when they are present they are 13-17 x 5-6um, subfusiform or sublageniform and hyaline. Cheilocystidia 6-15 µm long. abundant hyaline, obclavate with long neck, 1-2um thick, sometimes with a hyaline viscous drop 5-10um in diameter at the apex. Season: July to late August Habitat and Distribution: Restricted to the Fagus forests of Mexico. On humus rich in leaves, or sometimes between mosses. At 1850m. MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Solitary to small groups. Bruising: Bruising blue when injured, may turn blackish blue on the pileus. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Known oly from the type locality Links: Psilocybe fagicola -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 15-40mm in diameter. Convex or conic to campanulate or subumbonate, expanding when mature to more or less applanate but at the same time umbonate or slightly papillate, glabrous, even but slightly translucent-striate at the margin when humid, viscid to lubricous, hygrophanous, reddish brown or vinaceous brown, fading to fulcous brown or pale ochre from the umbo to the margin; in old specimens the pileus is undulate and somewhat rimose, frequently with blue-greenish tints. Lamellae (Gills): Lamellae adnexed or sinuate, rather close, pale pink brownish to darker brwon chocolate, edges concolorous or somewhat whitish. Stipe (Stem): 30-60 x 4-7um equal or tapering upwards, becoming hollow or stuffed with white floccose mycelium, surface whitish pink, turning blue to blackish easily when touched or injured; becoming cncolorous in the adults with the pileus especially below or darker, smooth and somewhat glabrous. veil as whit aracnoid fibrils in young stages. Microscopic features: Spores purplish brown in deposit, 7-8 x 3.5-5um subellipssiod or ellipsoid ovate, both in dave or side veiw. thin walled with a distinct apical germ pore. Season: August to September rarely in October Habitat and Distribution: Known only in Mexico, in swamps or muddy soil without any vegitation, very rare among mosses, on the walls of the darker and very humus ravines, in Abies or pinus forests, at 2600-3200m elevation. Alan Rockefeller MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Gregarious to ceaspitose, rarely solitary Bruising: bruising when handled. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Unable to locate this species in the field, botanist Roger Heim and mycologist Rolf Singer based their descriptions of this mushroom on dried specimens purchased from Matlazinca Indians in the marketplace of Tenango del Valle, in the Nevado de Toluca region of the state of Mexico. In 1958 Roger Heim described this fungus as Psilocybe wassonii, but without any Latin designation; Rolf Singer and Alexander Hanchett Smith described it in the same year as Psilocybe muliercula (muliercula = "little women"). Both descriptions reported this fungus growing in Pinus forests surrounding the town of Tenango del Valle. However, after several expeditions to the area, Mexican mycologist Gaston Guzman located it 10 kilometers from Tenango del Valle in an Abies forest on the slopes of the Nevado de Toluca. Links: Psilocybe muliercula -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 0.5-3 cm broad. Obtusely conic, becoming conic-campanulate with age. Margin translucent-striate and generally not incurved in young specimens. Chestnut brown when moist, then dark dingy yellow to pale yellow in drying (hygrophanous), often with a pallid band along the margin, and frequently tinged olive green in patches. Surface smooth, viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle. Flesh thin, pliant, and more or less concolorous with the cap. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate to adnexed, finally seceding, close narrow to moderately broad. Colour dull cinnamon brown, darkening with spores in age. Stipe (Stem): 60-80 mm long by 1-2.5 mm thick. Equal above, and slightly enlarged at the base. Surface is covered with appressed grayish fibrils, and powdered at the apex. Whitish to pallid to grayish, more brownish toward the base, blue green where bruised or with age. Flesh stuffed with a tough pith. Partial veil thin to obscure to absent. Microscopic features: Spores purplish brown in deposit, subellipsoid to subovoid, 9-13 by 5-7 microns. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 17-36 by 4-7.5 microns, fusiform to lance-shaped, with an elongated neck 1.5-2 microns thick. Season: Late October to through December after cool, wet weather. Usually fruiting around mid November to December in the Pacific Northwest. Habitat and Distribution: They like clear cuts that are about 3-10 years old, maybe 3-8 years after replant. If you start finding Hypholoma, you are in a good area to keep looking. Don't let them fool you tho, they are kinda hard to spot. Areas on landings in clear cuts, and then the cuts themselves. On decomposed conifer substrate. fsc-watch MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Small to large clusters or fruiting in troops. Bruising: Bruising may not appear on this species. It will be hard to see if there is any and it will be towards the base. Although you can check for primordial aborts at the base of a mature specimen and they often bruise blue. Dosage: 20 to 40 fresh mushrooms or from 2-8 grams dried. moderately weak.
Similar Species: Psilocybe washingtonesis Is a close taxon microscopically and macroscopically but differs from P. pelliculosa by the presence of pleurocystidia. Other Notes: Are also found in higher elevations of 1000ft-2000ft where clear cuts are more common. A good indicator genus is Hypholoma, Galerina, and Mycena. Links: Psilocybe pelliculosa -MushroomObserver Psilocybe Pelliculosa -Thread (Shroom360) Pileus (Cap): (1)2–4(5) cm in diameter and obtusely conical, later becoming campanulate or convex. It expands to broadly convex or plane in age and is incurved at first then plane or decurved with age. The cap is buff-brown to dingy orangish-brown and pale ochraceous when dry. It is smooth, hygrophanous, and slightly translucent-striate when moist but not viscid and without a separable gelatinous pellicle. The flesh is whitish to cream-colored. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to adnexed and close, often distinctly subdecurrent. They are initially light brown, becoming dark brown with age with a purple tint, the edges remaining paler. Stipe (Stem): 4.5-8(10) cm by 2–10 mm. It has an equal structure, slightly enlarging at the base. It is whitish with a silky gloss and glabrous, or with some whitish remnants of the fibrillose veil. Microscopic features: Spores are purple-brown, ellipsoid, slightly flattened, and thick-walled, with a distinct germ pore. The size is very variable, mostly 10–13 × 6–7.5 µm, but also much longer. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: Growing on well decayed deciduous and coniferous wood, on twigs, compost, plant residue, in forests, usually in moist places along creeks, forest path and roadside verges. Not reported to be synantropic. Kocos MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Psilocybe serbica is found growing mostly in groups Bruising: Bruising blue when injured. Dosage:
Other Notes: Psilocybin levels in this species were found to vary between 0.11% up to 1.34% by dry weight.[6] The content of baeocystin and psilocybin was highest in the caps of the mushrooms. Links: Psilocybe serbica -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 0.8-2.5 cm broad. Obtusely conic to campanulate, and often with an acute umbo. Tawny dark brown when moist, fading to pale yellowish brown or grayish brown. Surface smooth, viscid when moist from a thin gelatinous pellicle that is barely separable, if at all. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate to adnexed, close to subdistant, narrow to moderately broad. Colour dull grayish brown to cinnamon brown to smoky brown at maturity, with the edges remaining whitish. Stipe (Stem): 20-80 mm long by 1-3 mm thick. Equal to slightly enlarged at the base, brittle, tubular, and somewhat flexuous. Pallid to brownish beneath a whitish fibrillose covering. Partial veil poorly developed, cortinate, thin to obscure, and soon absent. Microscopic features: Spores dark purplish brown in deposit, 6-9.5 by 4-5.5 microns from 4-spored basidia; sometimes 2-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 24-40 by 4.4-8.8 microns, fusoid ventricose to lageniform, with a long flexuous neck, 1.6-2.2 microns thick. Season: Late September to through December after cool, wet weather. Habitat and Distribution: wood debris or on wood chips or in well decayed conifer substratum. Sometimes fruiting in clear cuts with Psilocybe pelliculosa. John W. Allen MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit. Small clusters or fruiting in troops. Bruising: Bruising may not appear on this species. It will be hard to see if there is any and it will be towards the base. Although you can check for primordial aborts at the base of a mature specimen and they often bruise blue. Dosage: Moderately weaker than Psilocybe semilanceata. From 20 to 40 fresh mushrooms, 1/3 of a fresh ounce or from 2 to 4 grams dried.
Other Notes: Are also found in higher elevations of 1000ft-2000ft where clear cuts are more common. Links: Psilocybe silvatica -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): 20-26 mm in diam, subconvex to subcampanulate, subpapillate, sublubricous to dry, glabrous, even to striate toward the margin, reddish brown to brown, hygrophanous, fading to straw colour, staining dark blue to blackish when moist, almost black when dry mainly toward the margin. Lamellae (Gills): adnate or adnexed, pale brown to cinnamon brown or blackish violet, with whitish edges. Stipe (Stem): 40-80 x 1-3 mm, cylindric, whitish to concolourous with the pileus, hollow, cáerulescent, covered with floccose appressed white fibrils, with a subbulbous hollow base, up to 10 mm in diam in dry, without pseudorhiza.- Veil absent in the adult.- Context whitish, fleshy in the pileus, subfleshy in the stipe, staining blue when cut. Microscopic features: Spores (5.5-)6.5-7(-8) x 5-5.5(-6) x 4-5.5 µm, subrhomboid in face view, subellipsoid in side view, with a thick wall (up to 1.5 µm thick), brownish yellow, with a broad germ pore at one end and an acute short appendage at the distal end.- Basidia 17.5-26.5 x 5.5-8 µm, 4- spored, clavate or subcylindric, hyaline.- Pleurocystidi a (12-)13-21(- 22.5) x (4-)5-6(-7) µm, ventricose subacuminate or ventricose rostrate, hyaline, more or less common.- Cheilocystidi a (16-)20-28(-32)(-42) x 5-6.5(-7) µm, ventricose or subcylindric, irregularly branching mainly at the top, hyaline, abundant.- Subhymenium formed by subglobose elements, 3- 4.8 µm diam, hyaline or yellowish.- Gill trama regular, formed by hydine thin-walled hyphae, 3.2-24 µm wide.- Epicutis subgelatinized, formed by108 Guunán, Psilocybe hydine repent hyphae 2.4-4 µm wide.- Hypdermium with subglobose elements mixed with hyphae 3-12 µm in diam, hyaline or incrusted with brown yellowish pigment.-Clamp connections present. Season: June through November. Habitat and Distribution: Found on soil, in open places of subtropical (mesophytic) forests. Known from Guatemala and Mexico MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: In small groups Bruising: Bruising blue when injured. Dosage:
Similar Species: Psilocybe herrerae Is a close taxon, but differs in the more branched cheilocystidia and thicker pleurocystidia (6-9 µm), and in the presence of pseudorhiza (Guzmán, 1983). Other Notes: Due to the form and size of the spores, this species belongs to Sect. Cordispora. P. subtropicalis is widely distributed in subtropical forests. Psilocybe mexicana grows also in the same Guatemaltecan locdity. Links: Psilocybe subtropicalis -MushroomObserver Wiki Peridium: (1)3– 5 cm tall, 1.5– 3 cm wide, irregularly roundish to ovate, elliptical or even depressed-globose, margin folded, light brown when young becoming pale blue-grey, often showing blue or blue-green stains with age, at first finely fibrillose becoming smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid, bruising blue when injured, slowly. Drying dingy brown. Gleba: Chocolate or sepia-brown, sparse, chambered, contorted gill-like structures. Stipe (stem): Up to 4 cm tall, 6 mm thick, equal, cartilaginous, whitish to blue-grey, yellowish-brown at the base, hollow, bruising blue when injured. Microscopic features: Spores: 11–15(17) x 5–8 µm in size, smooth, sepia-coloured, elliptic-ovate or elliptical in shape, rounded at one end with a thin epispore. Season: It is fairly abundant in the early winter and spring months. Habitat and Distribution: Growing on decaying wood buried in forest leaf litter, often on the rotting branches of Melicytus ramiflorus. It has also been found fruiting on rotted cabbage trees and is often associated with decaying fern fronds, native to the forests of New Zealand, typically South of Wanganui in the North Island. It is fairly abundant in the early winter and spring months in lowland mixed rain-forest near Wellington. The pouch fungus has been found in winter in Central Hawkes Bay where they tend to be found around fallen pine cones - not in pine forests but in areas where pines are interspersed by other kinds of trees. They are also found on the south island. The mushroom is sometimes hard to see because its usually hidden under dried leaves. It is often eaten by slugs and sometimes hard to find specimens that haven't been nibbled on. Piha MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Psilocybe weraroa is found growing solitary to gregarious Bruising: Bruising where handled. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: Weraroa virescens is often mistaken for P. weraroa since they are both naturally pale bluish, however, unlike P. weraroa, W. virescens does not stain blue. The sepia color of the gleba also serves to separate P. weraroa from similar species in the genus Weraroa. Psilocybe weraroa is psychoactive. Psilocin and psilocybin are the chemical components considered to be responsible for its effects, as with other blue-staining fungi of the genus Psilocybe. Links: psilocybe weraroa -MushroomObserver Edited by Joust (01/07/13 11:52 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Wiki Pileus (cap): conical to bell-shaped in maturity, and reach a diameter of up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in). The cap surface is smooth and sticky, and, in moist specimens, has faint radial striations (grooves) that extend almost to the margin. The color of fresh caps ranges from dark reddish-brown to rusty brown to orangish-brown. Additionally, the cap is hygrophanous, meaning it will change color depending on its state of hydration; a dry cap fades to become dull yellowish-brown or the color of "dingy straw". The cap frequently has a prominent umbo. Lamellae (Gills): The gill attachment ranges from adnate (broadly attached to the stem) to adnexed (narrowly attached). The spacing of the narrow gills is close to crowded, and the gill color is initially dull gray before maturing spores cause the color to change to purplish-brown. Stipe (stem): 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) long and 1.5 to 2.5 mm (0.06 to 0.10 in) thick, and more or less equal in width throughout its length or slightly larger near the base. The hollow, brittle, stem is pale brown on the upper part, and reddish-brown near the bottom. The stem is densely covered with whitish fibrils that are pressed flat against the surface; the fibrils slough off in maturity to leave a smooth surface. The mushroom has a cortinate partial veil (resembling the webby cortina produced by species of Cortinarius) but it does not last for long; it occasionally leaves behind sparse remnants of tissue hanging on the cap margin and the upper part of the stem. No ring remains on the stem after the veil disappears. All parts of the mushroom will stain blue when injured; these stains will blacken as the mushroom dries. Microscopic features: The spore print is dark purplish-brown. Spores range in shape from roughly rhomboid to roughly elliptical, and typically have dimensions of 5–6 by 4–6 μm. They are thick-walled and have a large germ pore. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped to swollen, hyaline, usually four-spored (although rarely two- or three-spored forms are present), and measure 13–19 by 4.4–6.6 μm. The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are ventricose (swollen) near the base and often mucronate (ending abruptly in a short sharp point) at the apex, and measure 14–25 by 4.4–10.5 μm. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are variable in shape, and measure 14–40 by 4.4–7.7 μm. Pleurocystidia are relatively sparse, while cheilocystidia are abundant. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. Season: In Mexico and Colombia, the fungus usually fruits between June and July; in Bolivia, it was recorded appearing during January. Habitat and Distribution: A saprobic species, and contributes to the degradation of organic matter deposited in soils and nutrient cycling in forests where it grows. It is often reported from coffee plantations, subtropical, or cloud forests, especially those occurring at elevations between 1,000 and 2,000 m (3,300 and 6,600 ft). The species occurs in northeast, central and southeastern Mexico, and has been recorded from several locations in the states of Oaxaca, Puebla, Tamaulipas and Veracruz. It is also known from Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador, as well as the Caribbean island Martinique. In 2009, it was reported from China. Alan Rockefeller MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: It typically grows in clusters or groups on rotting wood (rarely on humus); it is less frequently found growing solitarily. Bruising: Bruising where damaged. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: The fruit bodies of Psilocybe yungensis are used for entheogenic, or spiritual, ritualistic purposes by the Mazatec Indians in the Mexican State of Oaxaca. Links: Psilocybe yungensis -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (cap): The cap is 2–13 cm, conical to convex, and very rarely expanding to plane in age. The margin wavy sometimes with an acute papilla or mamilla, usually umbonate or with a depressed center. In young specimens the margin has a scalloped edge which sometimes curls upwards as the mushroom matures. The cap is yellowish brown to tan, fading to cream-yellow then brown and finally black through age. The flesh is originally white but soon changes to a cyan blue, then quickly to black. Lamellae (Gills): Psilocybe zapotecorum gills are a cream color when young and violet brown in age, with an attachment that is sinuate or adnate, and sometimes subdecurrent. Stipe (stem): The stipe is 3–26 cm long, and 0.5–1 cm thick. It is central, flexuous, cylindric or slightly flattened, and hollow. It can be white to grey, turning yellowish, blue, and black in age. The entire stem is covered with many white scales which are more pronounced in the lower part of the stipe. The partial veil is white and arachnoid, disappearing in age. Often a long pseudorrhiza can be found attached the base of the stipe. Strongly bruising blue then black where damaged. Microscopic features: The spores are dark violet brown, oblong to ellipsoid to subrhomboid, and thin-walled. They are 7 by 4 µm. Season: Spring, summer, and fall. Habitat and Distribution: It is found near rivers, creaks and ravines, sometimes growing directly from steep mossy ravine walls. Psilocybe zapotecorum is also found in humid and shadowed places in mesophytic forests, oak-and-pine forests, or cloud forests. Psilocybe zapotecorum is often found in subtropical forests containing Alnus sp., Magnolia sp., Fraxinus sp., Quercus sp., large pines, and blackberry bushes. Psilocybe zapotecorum grows in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Alan Rockefeller MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Psilocybe zapotecorum grows solitarily or gregariously. Bruising: Bruising where damaged. Dosage: N/A Other Notes: "Rediscovered" and named by French mycologist Roger Heim, this mushroom is one of the shaman's favorites, typically yielding up to ca. .85% psilocybin and up to ca. .25% psilocin. Its preferred habitat is muddy soils and marshy areas; also rich, dark soils of deciduous forests where it can be found fruiting throughout summer in clusters or groups. Links: Psilocybe zapotecorum -MushroomObserver Grassland and Dung Habitats: Wiki Pileus (cap): 4-5 cm broad at maturity. Convex to campanulate, then broadly convex, finally expanding to nearly plane with a broad umbo. Cinnamon brown to orange cinnamon brown, fading to tan in drying with a dark brown encircling zone around the margin. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate to uncinate, close, slightly swollen in the centre, and with three tiers of intermediate gills inserted. Color brownish and mottled, with the edges remaining whitish, blackish when fully mature. Stipe (stem): 50-60 mm long by 2-4 mm thick. Brittle, hollow, and fibrous. Reddish beneath minute whitish fibrils, darkening downwards. Sometimes bruising bluish at the base. Microscopic features: Spores black in deposit, lemon shaped in side view, subellipsoid in face view.11.5-14 by 7.5-9.5 microns. Basidia 2- and 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia variable in form, mostly pear shaped, 14-21 by3-7 microns. Season: Spring, summer, and fall. Habitat and Distribution: Growing in areas much like P. semilanceata, Found on areas where horses reside and on the hay bails that have been left out. They also like to grow in any grassy areas, especially where they have been well kept and fertilized. Grows in dung (especially horse dung),compost, rotting hay and in well manured ground in the spring, summer and early fall. Widely distributed. Reported from North America, South America, Europe, middle Siberia, Africa and Hawaiian archipelago. Risxsoul MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Grows cespitosely to gregariously. Bruising: Sometimes bruising at the base, but more than likely the stipe will be to dark to see any bruising. Dosage:
Other Notes: The most widely distributed in the world. Found in all 50 states and in most countries. During the early part of the 20th century this species was often referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because it was a common occurrence in beds of the commercially grown grocery store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Because of its intoxicating properties the mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms. Links: Panaeolus cinctulus -MushroomObserver Panaeolus cinctulus&olivaceus -Gallery (Neosporen) Wiki Pileus (Cap): 1.5 – 4 cm across, dry, at first hemispheric, expanding to campanulate to convex, with an incurved margin when young. Young caps start out light brown and fade to off-white or light gray at maturity, sometimes with yellowish or brownish tones. Often developing cracks in dry weather, slightly hygrophanous, turning greenish or blue where damaged. Lamellae (Gills): Broadly adnate to adnexed attachment, close, starting out gray and turning black as the spores mature. Gill faces with a mottled appearance, edges white. Stipe (Stem): 7 – 12 cm long by 2 to 3 mm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, pruinose, colored like the cap, staining blue where bruised. Microscopic features: Jet Black, 12 - 15 x 7 - 11 µm, smooth, opaque, elliptical. With a germ pore. Basidia 4 spored, pleurocystidia fusoid-ventricose, cheilocystidia 12 x 4 µm. Season: Found in early summer through late autumn. Habitat and Distribution: Solitary to widely scattered or in groups on or near dung in pastures; widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. It is fairly common along the Gulf Coast of the United States and also occurs Mexico, Hawaii, the Philippines, Australia, France, Brazil, and Bolivia. Mark Nightingale MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: cattered, grouped, or clustered on cow dung, or rich soil in tropical areas. Bruising: Brusing heavily on all parts of the fruitbody and mycelium. Dosage:
Other Notes: Fruits earlier in the season than P. cubensis. Links: Panaeolus cyanescens -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 2–8 cm, Conic to convex, becoming broadly convex to plane in age, may retain a slight umbo, margin even, reddish-cinnamon brown when young becoming golden brown in age, viscid when moist, hygrophanous, glabrous, sometimes with white universal veil remnants decorating the cap, more or less smooth. Flesh whitish, bruising blue in age or where injured. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to adnexed to sometimes seceding attachment, close, narrow to slightly wider towards the center, at first pallid to gray, becoming dark purplish to blackish in age, somewhat mottled, edges remaining whitish. Stipe (Stem): 4–15 cm long, .5–1.5 cm thick, white to yellowish in age, hollow or somewhat stuffed, the well developed veil leaves a persistent white membranous annulus whose surface usually becomes concolorous with the gills because of falling spores, bruising blue or bluish-green when injured. Microscopic features: Spores purple brown to violet black, 11.5–17 x 8–11 µm, subellipsoid, basidia 4-spored but sometimes 2- or 3-, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia present. Season: Found in late summer through late autumn. Habitat and Distribution: Solitary or in groups on dung and manure, especially in cattle pastures; widely distributed in the tropics. Psilocybe cubensis are coprophilic, and colonize the dung of large herbivores, most notably cows and other grazing mammals. They prefer humid grasslands and have been found in tropical and subtropical environments in the Americas and Asia. In the US, they are sometimes found growing wild in the south, generally below the 35th parallel. They have been found in the highlands and river valleys of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in South America. Alan Rockefeller MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: cattered, grouped, or clustered on cow dung in tropical areas. Bruising: Bruising light blue where handled, sometimes appearing greenish because of the yellow color of the pileus. Dosage:
Other Notes: Psilocybe cubensis is used in spiritual and or healing rituals in Mesoamerica, notably by the Chol and the Lacandon Maya people in southern Mexico. Depending on the particular strain, growth method, and age at harvest, psilocybe cubensis mushrooms can come in rather different sizes. It is recommended that one weighs the actual mushrooms, as opposed to simply counting them. Fresh mushrooms have an average water content of about 90 or so doses with fresh mushrooms are thus ten times larger than for dried. Links: Psilocybe cubensis -MushroomObserver Wiki Pileus (Cap): 0.5-3.6 cm broad. Conic to convex, eventually subcampanulate, expanding to broadly convex, and typically acutely umbonate with a sharp papilla. Surface smooth to translucent-striate near the margin, viscid when moist from a thick, separable gelatinous pellicle. Colour pale reddish brown to honey to ochraceous, hygrophanous, fading in drying to yellowish olive to ochraceous or yellowish buff. Flesh whitish to honey coloured, bruising bluish where injured. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate, sometimes sinuate or uncinate, whitish clay at first, eventually dark purplish brown at maturity, with whitish edges. Stipe (Stem): 20-90 mm long by 0.5-4 mm thick. Equal to slightly swollen at the base. Colour whitish at first, soon reddish brown or honey coloured, and sometimes with grayish bluish green tones. Surface covered with whitish fibrillose patches to a fairly persistent, superior densely fibrillose to membranous annulus that develops from a thickly cortinate partial veil. Microscopic features: Dark purple-brown, (9.5)12.5 — 15(16) x 6.5 — 9.5 µm, ovoid in front view, ellipsoid in side view, thick walled with a broad germ pore. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia (15)20 — 30(35) by (4)6 — 8(9) µm, ventricose-fusiform or lageniform with a narrow neck, often flexuous, 4 — 15 by 0.5 — 1.5 µm, occasionally branched. Season: Generally found in October and November, but in Chile, this mushroom has been collected in August. Habitat and Distribution: On horse manure, and in grassy areas or in rich soils. Known from Canada (British Columbia and New Brunswick), the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, and Idaho), Chile, Great Britain, and Europe. Probably more widely distributed than presently reported. David Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Grows solitary to gregariously, and often fruits in large rings. Bruising: Bruising light blue where handled. Dosage: 15 to 30 fresh specimens or 1/4 fresh ounce. 1 to to grams dried. Relative*
Other Notes: Widely distributed but not very common. Links: Psilocybe fimetaria -MushroomObserver Pileus (Cap): The cap ranges in shape from conical to bell-shaped to convex, reaching diameters of 0.7–3 in (18–76 mm), although a range of 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) is most usual. It has a long, sharp papilla that is up to 4 mm (0.16 in). The cap surface is smooth, somewhat sticky when wet, and often has ridges extending halfway to the center of the cap. Its color is reddish brown to orangish brown to yellowish, and it is hygrophanous, fading when dry to a straw or fulvous color.The flesh in the cap is whitish, but more yellow in the stem. Lamellae (Gills): The brownish gills have an adnate to adnexed attachment to the stem; mature gills become purplish black because of the spores. Stipe (Stem): The hollow stem measures 50 to 90 mm (2.0 to 3.5 in) long by 1–3 mm thick. It is roughly equal in width throughout its length or slightly thicker at the base, and sometimes twisted. A thin rudimentary cortina-like partial veil covers the gills of immature fruit bodies, but it is fragile and disappears soon after the cap expands. Microscopic features: The spore print is dark purplish brown. Spores are rhomboid or nearly so in face view, and more or less ellipsoid when viewed from the side. They are thick-walled, with dimensions of 6.5–4–5.6 μm, and feature a broad germ pore. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are usually four-spored, hyaline (translucent), roughly cylindrical or with a central constriction, and measure 12–22 by 5.5–9 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are relatively abundant; they are ventricose (swollen), club-shaped or irregularly shaped, measuring 16–36 by 8–12 μm. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are also abundant. They are 19–35 by 4.4–6.6 μm, lageniform (flask-shaped), narrowing into a long neck with a width of 1–3 μm, and either acute or somewhat capitate (ending in a roughly globular tip). Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. Season: June through December. Habitat and Distribution: The species is found in Mexico, where it grows singly or in small groups in clayey soils in subtropical coffee plantations, and from Colombia and Brazil in South America Growth Habit: Solitary to cespitose. Bruising: As is characteristic of psilocybin mushrooms, all parts of the fruit body bruise blue when handled or injured. Dosage: Relative*
Other Notes: he species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Roger Heim in 1958. It was one of several species described and illustrated in the popular American weekly magazine Life ("Seeking the Magic Mushroom"), in which R. Gordon Wasson recounted the psychedelic visions that he experienced during the divinatory rituals of the Mixtec people, thereby introducing psilocybin mushrooms to Western popular culture; it was however, mislabeled as Psilocybe zaptecorum. Similarly, Psilocybe specialist Gastón Guzmán suggests that P. zapotecorum, as described by Rolf Singer in 1958, is misidentified as it agrees well with the type of P. hoogshagenii. The species Psilocybe caerulipes var. gastonii, described by Singer in 1958, is a synonym of P. hoogshagenii. The species is named in honor of American anthropologist Searle Hoogshagen, who helped Heim and Wasson in their search for entheogenic mushrooms in Mexico. The mushroom is known locally by several common names. In Spanish, it is called los niños or los Chamaquitos ("the little boys"), in Mazatec as pajaritos de monte ("little birds of the woods"), in Nahuatl as cihuatsinsintle or teotlaquilnanácatl ("divine mushroom that describes or paints"), and in Mixe as Atka:t ("judge") or na.shwi.ñ mush ("mushrooms of the earth"). The variety P. hoogshagenii var. convexa was described by Guzmán in 1983 to account for mushrooms without an acute papilla that were otherwise roughly the same as the type variety. Psilocybe semperviva, described by Heim and Roger Cailleux in 1958, was later determined by Guzmán to be synonymous with P. hoogshagenii var. convexa. The varietal epithet convexa refers to the convex shape of the cap. The mushroom contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin, and all parts will stain blue or bluish black when handled or injured. P. hoogshagenii is used for divinatory purposes by some indigenous groups in Mexico. Links: Psilocybe hoogshagenii -MushroomObserver -------------------- _________A Practical Guide To Psilocybin Mushrooms_________ Edited by Joust (01/08/13 07:38 PM)
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fungal_alchemist Ghetto-Engineer Registered: 03/19/12 Posts: 296 Last seen: 2 years, 10 months |
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cyanescens[/url] * Wiki Sporulator[/url] [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Sporulator[/url] Alonso Bloodworm [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Rockefeller[/url] Pileus (Cap): 1.5 – 4 cm across, dry, at first hemispheric, expanding to campanulate to convex, with an incurved margin when young. Young caps start out light brown and fade to off-white or light gray at maturity, sometimes with yellowish or brownish tones. Often developing cracks in dry weather, slightly hygrophanous, turning greenish or blue where damaged. Lamellae (Gills): Broadly adnate to adnexed attachment, close, starting out gray and turning black as the spores mature. Gill faces with a mottled appearance, edges white. Stipe (Stem): 7 – 12 cm long by 2 to 3 mm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, pruinose, colored like the cap, staining blue where bruised. Microscopic features: Jet Black, 12 - 15 x 7 - 11 µm, smooth, opaque, elliptical. With a germ pore. Basidia 4 spored, pleurocystidia fusoid-ventricose, cheilocystidia 12 x 4 µm. Season: Found in early summer through late autumn. Habitat and Distribution: Solitary to widely scattered or in groups on or near dung in pastures; widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. It is fairly common along the Gulf Coast of the United States and also occurs Mexico, Hawaii, the Philippines, Australia, France, Brazil, and Bolivia. Mark Nightingale [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Map[/url] Growth Habit: cattered, grouped, or clustered on cow dung, or rich soil in tropical areas. Bruising: Brusing heavily on all parts of the fruitbody and mycelium. Dosage:
Other Notes: Fruits earlier in the season than P. cubensis. Similar Species: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik bisporus:[/url] Panaeolus bisporus, also known as Copelandia bisporus is a rare and widely distributed little brown mushroom that bruises blue and contains the hallucinogen psilocybin. This mushroom is similar macroscopically to Panaeolus tropicalis, Panaeolus cambodginiensis and Panaeolus cyanescens, but can be differentiated using a microscope by its two spored basidia. This is a little brown mushroom that grows on dung and has black spores. It has been found in Hawaii, Southern California, North Africa, Spain and Switzerland. [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik tropicalis:[/url] Panaeolus tropicalis is mushroom that grows on dung. It is most often found in Hawaii, Central Africa, and Cambodia; it can also found in Mexico, Tanzania, the Philippines, Florida, and Japan. The entire mushroom readily bruises blue where it is handled. It can be differentiated from Panaeolus cyanescens by microscopic characteristics. [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik cambodginiensis:[/url] Panaeolus cambodginiensis is mushroom that grows on dung of water buffalo. It was first described from Cambodia and is widespread throughout the Asian subtropics and Hawaii. It can be differentiated from the similar Panaeolus cyanescens by microscopic characteristics. Links: [url=http://mushroomobserver.org cyanescens -MushroomObserver[/url] cubensis[/url] * Wiki Bloodworm Ralph Morales [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Rockefeller[/url] [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Rockefeller[/url] Pileus (Cap): 2–8 cm, Conic to convex, becoming broadly convex to plane in age, may retain a slight umbo, margin even, reddish-cinnamon brown when young becoming golden brown in age, viscid when moist, hygrophanous, glabrous, sometimes with white universal veil remnants decorating the cap, more or less smooth. Flesh whitish, bruising blue in age or where injured. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate to adnexed to sometimes seceding attachment, close, narrow to slightly wider towards the center, at first pallid to gray, becoming dark purplish to blackish in age, somewhat mottled, edges remaining whitish. Stipe (Stem): 4–15 cm long, .5–1.5 cm thick, white to yellowish in age, hollow or somewhat stuffed, the well developed veil leaves a persistent white membranous annulus whose surface usually becomes concolorous with the gills because of falling spores, bruising blue or bluish-green when injured. Microscopic features: Spores purple brown to violet black, 11.5–17 x 8–11 µm, subellipsoid, basidia 4-spored but sometimes 2- or 3-, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia present. Season: Found in late summer through late autumn. Habitat and Distribution: Solitary or in groups on dung and manure, especially in cattle pastures; widely distributed in the tropics. Psilocybe cubensis are coprophilic, and colonize the dung of large herbivores, most notably cows and other grazing mammals. They prefer humid grasslands and have been found in tropical and subtropical environments in the Americas and Asia. In the US, they are sometimes found growing wild in the south, generally below the 35th parallel. They have been found in the highlands and river valleys of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in South America. [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Rockefeller[/url] [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Map[/url] Growth Habit: cattered, grouped, or clustered on cow dung in tropical areas. Bruising: Bruising light blue where handled, sometimes appearing greenish because of the yellow color of the pileus. Dosage:
Other Notes: Psilocybe cubensis is used in spiritual and or healing rituals in Mesoamerica, notably by the Chol and the Lacandon Maya people in southern Mexico. Depending on the particular strain, growth method, and age at harvest, psilocybe cubensis mushrooms can come in rather different sizes. It is recommended that one weighs the actual mushrooms, as opposed to simply counting them. Fresh mushrooms have an average water content of about 90 or so doses with fresh mushrooms are thus ten times larger than for dried. Links: [url=http://mushroomobserver.org cubensis -MushroomObserver[/url] fimetaria[/url] *** Wiki van der Vegte[/url] [url=http://www.amanita.fotovidi Vegte[/url] [url=http://maps.thefullwiki.org [/url] Toxicologia [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik DeShazer[/url] these pictures may not be P. fimetaria, these were the best I could find and they should be accurate enough to give a general representation of the species. Pileus (Cap): 0.5-3.6 cm broad. Conic to convex, eventually subcampanulate, expanding to broadly convex, and typically acutely umbonate with a sharp papilla. Surface smooth to translucent-striate near the margin, viscid when moist from a thick, separable gelatinous pellicle. Colour pale reddish brown to honey to ochraceous, hygrophanous, fading in drying to yellowish olive to ochraceous or yellowish buff. Flesh whitish to honey coloured, bruising bluish where injured. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment adnate, sometimes sinuate or uncinate, whitish clay at first, eventually dark purplish brown at maturity, with whitish edges. Stipe (Stem): 20-90 mm long by 0.5-4 mm thick. Equal to slightly swollen at the base. Colour whitish at first, soon reddish brown or honey coloured, and sometimes with grayish bluish green tones. Surface covered with whitish fibrillose patches to a fairly persistent, superior densely fibrillose to membranous annulus that develops from a thickly cortinate partial veil. Microscopic features: Dark purple-brown, (9.5)12.5 — 15(16) x 6.5 — 9.5 µm, ovoid in front view, ellipsoid in side view, thick walled with a broad germ pore. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia (15)20 — 30(35) by (4)6 — 8(9) µm, ventricose-fusiform or lageniform with a narrow neck, often flexuous, 4 — 15 by 0.5 — 1.5 µm, occasionally branched. Season: Generally found in October and November, but in Chile, this mushroom has been collected in August. Habitat and Distribution: On horse manure, and in grassy areas or in rich soils. Known from Canada (British Columbia and New Brunswick), the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, and Idaho), Chile, Great Britain, and Europe. Probably more widely distributed than presently reported. David [url=http://maps.thefullwiki.org Map[/url] Growth Habit: Grows solitary to gregariously, and often fruits in large rings. Bruising: Bruising light blue where handled. Dosage: 15 to 30 fresh specimens or 1/4 fresh ounce. 1 to to grams dried. Relative*
Other Notes: Widely distributed but not very common. Links: [url=http://mushroomobserver.org fimetaria -MushroomObserver[/url] hoogshagenii[/url] *** Rockefeller[/url] Rockefeller[/url] Pileus (Cap): The cap ranges in shape from conical to bell-shaped to convex, reaching diameters of 0.7–3 in (18–76 mm), although a range of 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) is most usual. It has a long, sharp papilla that is up to 4 mm (0.16 in). The cap surface is smooth, somewhat sticky when wet, and often has ridges extending halfway to the center of the cap. Its color is reddish brown to orangish brown to yellowish, and it is hygrophanous, fading when dry to a straw or fulvous color.The flesh in the cap is whitish, but more yellow in the stem. Lamellae (Gills): The brownish gills have an adnate to adnexed attachment to the stem; mature gills become purplish black because of the spores. Stipe (Stem): The hollow stem measures 50 to 90 mm (2.0 to 3.5 in) long by 1–3 mm thick. It is roughly equal in width throughout its length or slightly thicker at the base, and sometimes twisted. A thin rudimentary cortina-like partial veil covers the gills of immature fruit bodies, but it is fragile and disappears soon after the cap expands. Microscopic features: The spore print is dark purplish brown. Spores are rhomboid or nearly so in face view, and more or less ellipsoid when viewed from the side. They are thick-walled, with dimensions of 6.5–4–5.6 μm, and feature a broad germ pore. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are usually four-spored, hyaline (translucent), roughly cylindrical or with a central constriction, and measure 12–22 by 5.5–9 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are relatively abundant; they are ventricose (swollen), club-shaped or irregularly shaped, measuring 16–36 by 8–12 μm. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are also abundant. They are 19–35 by 4.4–6.6 μm, lageniform (flask-shaped), narrowing into a long neck with a width of 1–3 μm, and either acute or somewhat capitate (ending in a roughly globular tip). Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. Season: June through December. Habitat and Distribution: The species is found in Mexico, where it grows singly or in small groups in clayey soils in subtropical coffee plantations, and from Colombia and Brazil in South America Growth Habit: Solitary to cespitose. Bruising: As is characteristic of psilocybin mushrooms, all parts of the fruit body bruise blue when handled or injured. Dosage: Relative*
Other Notes: he species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Roger Heim in 1958. It was one of several species described and illustrated in the popular American weekly magazine Life ("Seeking the Magic Mushroom"), in which R. Gordon Wasson recounted the psychedelic visions that he experienced during the divinatory rituals of the Mixtec people, thereby introducing psilocybin mushrooms to Western popular culture; it was however, mislabeled as Psilocybe zaptecorum. Similarly, Psilocybe specialist Gastón Guzmán suggests that P. zapotecorum, as described by Rolf Singer in 1958, is misidentified as it agrees well with the type of P. hoogshagenii. The species Psilocybe caerulipes var. gastonii, described by Singer in 1958, is a synonym of P. hoogshagenii. The species is named in honor of American anthropologist Searle Hoogshagen, who helped Heim and Wasson in their search for entheogenic mushrooms in Mexico. The mushroom is known locally by several common names. In Spanish, it is called los niños or los Chamaquitos ("the little boys"), in Mazatec as pajaritos de monte ("little birds of the woods"), in Nahuatl as cihuatsinsintle or teotlaquilnanácatl ("divine mushroom that describes or paints"), and in Mixe as Atka:t ("judge") or na.shwi.ñ mush ("mushrooms of the earth"). The variety P. hoogshagenii var. convexa was described by Guzmán in 1983 to account for mushrooms without an acute papilla that were otherwise roughly the same as the type variety. Psilocybe semperviva, described by Heim and Roger Cailleux in 1958, was later determined by Guzmán to be synonymous with P. hoogshagenii var. convexa. The varietal epithet convexa refers to the convex shape of the cap. The mushroom contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin, and all parts will stain blue or bluish black when handled or injured. P. hoogshagenii is used for divinatory purposes by some indigenous groups in Mexico. Links: [url=http://mushroomobserver.org hoogshagenii -MushroomObserver[/url] mexicana[/url] ** Rockefeller[/url] Rockefeller[/url] Pileus (Cap): (0.5)1 — 2(3) cm in diameter, conic to campanulate or subumbonate and often with a slight papilla, hygrophanous or glabrescent, even to striate at the margin, ocherous to brown or beige to straw color in age, sometimes with blueish or greenish tones, easily turning blue when injured. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate or adnexed, gray to purple-brown with whitish edges. Stipe (Stem): 4 — 10(12.5) cm tall x 1 — 2(3) mm thick, equal, hollow, straw color to brownish or reddish-brown, becoming darker where injured, annulus absent. Microscopic features: Spores dark purple brown, 8 — 12 x 5 — 8 µm. Ovoid and smooth. Cheilocystidia 13 - 34 µm, fusoid-ampullaceous to sublageniform, sometimes with a forked neck. Pleurocystidia sublageniform or absent. Season: Fruiting takes place from May to October. Habitat and Distribution: The species is found in Mexico, growing among moss along roadsides and trails, humid meadows or cornfields, in particular in the grassy areas bordering deciduous forests, and limestone regions. Common at elevations between 300–550 metres (980–1,800 ft), rare in lower elevations, known only from Mexico and Guatemala. [url=http://analternativenatural Lyons[/url] [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Map[/url] Growth Habit: Solitary or in small groups. Bruising: As is characteristic of psilocybin mushrooms, all parts of the fruit body bruise blue when handled or injured. Dosage:
Other Notes: It was first used by the early natives of Central America and North America over 2,000 years ago. Known to the Aztecs as teonanácatl from Nahuatl: teotl "god" + nanácatl "mushroom." This species was discovered by French botanist Roger Heim.[1] It was from this species that Dr. Albert Hofmann, working with specimens grown in his Sandoz laboratory, first isolated and named the active entheogenic compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Uncertain of whether or not the artificially cultivated mushrooms would retain their natural psychoactive properties, Dr. Hofmann consumed thirty-two specimens. Like some other grassland species such as Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe tampanensis, and Conocybe cyanopus, Psilocybe mexicana may form sclerotia, a dormant form of the organism, which affords it some protection from wildfires and other natural disasters. Psilocybe mexicana is a moderately potent hallucinogen due to the presence of both psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltry and its biologically active form, psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamin Due to their hallucinogenic effects, many Psilocybe species, including P. mexicana, are ingested recreationally. Although the recreational use of Psilocybin species often calls to mind the “psychedelic underground- of hippies, freaks, and travelers,” so-called “magic mushrooms” have been used for at least hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years by indigenous civilizations around the world, particularly those of Mexico (Letcher 3). Anthropological research has indicated that “at the time of the Spanish invasion, psychoactive mushrooms were being consumed in a variety of religious, secular, recreational, and even diplomatic contexts within the dominant Mesoamerican Aztec civilization” (Letcher 76). Despite frequent association with both recreational and Mesoamerican ritualistic use, psilocybin-containing mushroom species also offer potential medicinal value. For example, administration of psilocybin is being assessed in pilot studies for its potential to alleviate anxiety, depression, and/ or pain associated with advanced or potentially life-threatening cancer, perhaps through inducing spiritual experiences associated with increased well-being (“Psilocybin Advanced…” and “Psychopharmacology…”). Links: [http://mushroomobserver.org/nam mexicana -MushroomObserver[/url] semilanceata[/url] * Wiki John W. Allen CureCat Mycoweb kaal-kopje Pileus (cap): 0.5-2.5 cm broad. Conic to obtusely conic to conic-campanulate with an acute umbo. Margin translucent-striate, incurved and sometimes undulated in young fruiting bodies, often darkened by spores. Surface smooth, color variable, extremely hygrophanous. Usually dark chestnut brown when moist, soon drying to a light tan or yellow, occasionally with an olive tint, margin sometimes with bluish or olive stains. Surface viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment mostly adnexed, sometimes adnate or seceding. Close to crowded, narrow. Color pallid at first, rapidly becoming grey, then brownish and finally purplish brown with the edges remaining pallid. Stipe (stem): 30-100 mm long by 0.75-3 mm thick. Slender, equal, flexuous (curved or sinuous), and pliant. Pallid to more brownish towards the base, where the attached mycelium may become bluish tinged, especially during drying. Surface smooth overall. Context stuffed with a fibrious pith. Partial veil thinly cortinate, rapidly deteriorating, leaving an obscure evanescent annular zone of fibrils, usually darkened by spores. Often this zone is entirely absent. Microscopic features: Spores, Dark purplish brown in deposit, ellipsoid, 11-14 by 7-9 microns. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia few to absent. Cheilocystidia 18-35 by 4.5-8 microns, lageniform with an extended and flexuous neck, often forked. Season: From when the fall rains begin until the first freezes. Liberty caps like cool temperatures, around 50 degrees Farenheit and lots of rain. Habitat and Distribution: Psilocybe semilanceata grows in north temperate areas but it has been found in Peru, Pune, India, Australia, New Zealand and also at altitudes of 4000 meters in Italy. Grows In fields where cattle graze, they will be in the larger greener clumps of grass, or in parks and golf courses.They like the water that the plants funnel down to the base of the plant and tend to hide there. CureCat [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Map[/url] Growth Habit: Growing singularly or in troops. Bruising: Bruising will appear at the base and on primordial aborts attached to a mature specimen. Dosage:
Other Notes: Likely the most popular magic mushroom in the world. Similar Species: Section Semilanceatae: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik strictipes:[/url] Psilocybe strictipes is a psilocybin mushroom which grows on grassy meadows and lawns; It is found throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and it is most common in Europe, and the Pacific Northwest. It is closely related to Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe pelliculosa. Psilocybe strictipes is commonly confused with Psilocybe semilanceata and can be differentiated by its lack of a papilla and a convex to subumbonate cap. "Strictipes" comes from the Latin words stricti (narrow) and pes (foot). The Cap Psilocybe strictipes cap is 5 to 30 mm across, conic to campanulate to convex, smooth, and translucent-striate near the margin, often with a low umbo. It is walnut brown to dark rusty brown, with a smooth surface and a separable gelatinous pellicle. It is Hygrophanous, fading to buff as it dries. The flesh sometimes stains blue where damaged. Gills are gills are cream-colored when young and dark purple brown when mature, with an adnate attachment. The spores are dark purple brown, suboblong, and 11 by 6 µm. The stipe has a white to ocher, equal, tough, and cartilaginous structure with fibrillose patches. It is 4 to 10 cm long and around .25 cm thick. The partial veil is thin, cortinate, and does not usually leave any remnants on the stipe. Psilocybe strictipes fruits in late summer to fall in Chile, England, France, Germany, Holland, Slovakia, Siberia, Sweden, and the Pacific Northwest. Psilocybe strictipes is found in lawns and grassy fields but never growing directly from dung. [url=http://mushroomobserver.org venenata[/url] Pileus 15-40mm in diameter conical at first, gradually becoming convex to subumbonate to subplane or somewhat depressed at the center but slightly upturned at the margin, glabrous, but in young specimens with minute fibrillose scales from the veil along the margin, even, but slightly striate at the margin when wet, viscid, with the pellicle seperable, hygrophanous, warm-buff or pinkish buff, light blonde brown to cinamon buff, olive brown. Often tinged green when touched. Lamellae adnate or adnexed, with slightly decurrent ends, whitish, light greyish or dingy yellow, finally purplish brown or greyish violet brown, with whitish and subfloccose edges. Stipe 50-70mm cylindrical, equal or nearly equal frequently composed, uneven, silky white, dry fibrous, especially below the annulus, furfuraceous punctate above, stuffed or hollow, base strigose or with white rhizomorphs. Veil well deeloped as a white foccose coat, forming a more or less permanant or evanescent white silky annulus, very thin and delicate. Spores 9.9-12 x 6-7um subellipsoid both in side and face view or somewhat inequilateral in side veiw, thick walled, yellowish brown with large germ pore. Purple brown in deposit. Growing to densly caespitose on soil, rotten wood, straw, decayed rice hulls, or on dung, on roadsides or lawns in deciduous or bamboo forests. fruiting from summer to late autumn. Known only in Japan [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik liniformans:[/url] Psilocybe liniformans is a widely distributed mushroom in Europe, however this species of Psilocybe is very rare. It is in the section semilanceata of Psilocybe. The cap is 1 — 2.5 cm convex to nearly plane, and is sometimes broadly umbonate but not papillate. It is smooth, dull grayish brown to slightly olivacous, more reddish at the center, hygrophanous, and becoming straw brown when dry with the center remaining more brownish. It sometimes has a bluish green tone, or olivacous tones at the margin when young. The gills are adnexed, subdistant, broad, and dark chocolate brown to purplish brown with age. The spores are dark purple brown, ellipsoid, and 13 — 14.5 by 7.5 — 8.8(10)µm. The stipe is 1.4 — 3.0 cm by 1 – 2 mm, equal, enlarging at the base. It is whitish to very pale brownish, darker below, bruising blue, and finely fibrillose in the lower portion. The partial veil is thin and soon disappears. The taste is weak to somewhat farinaceous; The odor is strongly aromatic to farinaceous. Microscopic features: The basidia are 4-spored and pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 22 — 33 by 5.5 — 9 µm, lageniform and have an extended neck. [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik liniformans var. americana:[/url] Psilocybe liniformans var. americana is a very rare variant of liniformans that grows in America. It is found scattered to gregarious in rich pastures or grasslands, fruiting from summer to early winter. It has been collected in Washington, Oregon, and Michigan, and has also been reported from Chile where it fruits in the spring. This mushroom is very close to the type variety; the main difference is the lack of a gelatinous layer on the edge of the lamellae and the terricolous habitat. The cap is 1 — 2.5 cm convex to nearly plane, and is sometimes broadly umbonate but not papillate. It is smooth, dull grayish brown to slightly olivacous, more reddish at the center, hygrophanous, and becoming straw brown when dry with the center remaining more brownish. It sometimes has a bluish green tone, or olivacous tones at the margin when young. The gills are adnexed, subdistant, broad, and dark chocolate brown to purplish brown with age. The spores are dark purple brown, ellipsoid, and 13 — 14.5 by 7.5 — 8.8(10)µm. The stipe is 1.4 — 3.0 cm by 1 – 2 mm, equal, enlarging at the base. It is whitish to very pale brownish, darker below, bruising blue, and finely fibrillose in the lower portion. The partial veil is thin and soon disappears. The taste is weak to somewhat farinaceous; The odor is strongly aromatic to farinaceous. Microscopic features: The basidia are 4-spored and pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 22 — 33 by 5.5 — 9 µm, lageniform and have an extended neck. Links: [url=http://mushroomobserver.org semilanceata -MushroomObserver[/url] [url=/forums/showflat.php/Number semilanceata -Thread (UK 2012)[/url] Edited by fungal_alchemist (01/08/13 08:22 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Pileus (Cap): (0.5)1 — 2(3) cm in diameter, conic to campanulate or subumbonate and often with a slight papilla, hygrophanous or glabrescent, even to striate at the margin, ocherous to brown or beige to straw color in age, sometimes with blueish or greenish tones, easily turning blue when injured. Lamellae (Gills): Adnate or adnexed, gray to purple-brown with whitish edges. Stipe (Stem): 4 — 10(12.5) cm tall x 1 — 2(3) mm thick, equal, hollow, straw color to brownish or reddish-brown, becoming darker where injured, annulus absent. Microscopic features: Spores dark purple brown, 8 — 12 x 5 — 8 µm. Ovoid and smooth. Cheilocystidia 13 - 34 µm, fusoid-ampullaceous to sublageniform, sometimes with a forked neck. Pleurocystidia sublageniform or absent. Season: Fruiting takes place from May to October. Habitat and Distribution: The species is found in Mexico, growing among moss along roadsides and trails, humid meadows or cornfields, in particular in the grassy areas bordering deciduous forests, and limestone regions. Common at elevations between 300–550 metres (980–1,800 ft), rare in lower elevations, known only from Mexico and Guatemala. Graeme Lyons MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Solitary or in small groups. Bruising: As is characteristic of psilocybin mushrooms, all parts of the fruit body bruise blue when handled or injured. Dosage:
Other Notes: It was first used by the early natives of Central America and North America over 2,000 years ago. Known to the Aztecs as teonanácatl from Nahuatl: teotl "god" + nanácatl "mushroom." This species was discovered by French botanist Roger Heim.[1] It was from this species that Dr. Albert Hofmann, working with specimens grown in his Sandoz laboratory, first isolated and named the active entheogenic compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Uncertain of whether or not the artificially cultivated mushrooms would retain their natural psychoactive properties, Dr. Hofmann consumed thirty-two specimens. Like some other grassland species such as Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe tampanensis, and Conocybe cyanopus, Psilocybe mexicana may form sclerotia, a dormant form of the organism, which affords it some protection from wildfires and other natural disasters. Psilocybe mexicana is a moderately potent hallucinogen due to the presence of both psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltry Links: [http://mushroomobserver.org/nam Wiki Pileus (cap): 0.5-2.5 cm broad. Conic to obtusely conic to conic-campanulate with an acute umbo. Margin translucent-striate, incurved and sometimes undulated in young fruiting bodies, often darkened by spores. Surface smooth, color variable, extremely hygrophanous. Usually dark chestnut brown when moist, soon drying to a light tan or yellow, occasionally with an olive tint, margin sometimes with bluish or olive stains. Surface viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment mostly adnexed, sometimes adnate or seceding. Close to crowded, narrow. Color pallid at first, rapidly becoming grey, then brownish and finally purplish brown with the edges remaining pallid. Stipe (stem): 30-100 mm long by 0.75-3 mm thick. Slender, equal, flexuous (curved or sinuous), and pliant. Pallid to more brownish towards the base, where the attached mycelium may become bluish tinged, especially during drying. Surface smooth overall. Context stuffed with a fibrious pith. Partial veil thinly cortinate, rapidly deteriorating, leaving an obscure evanescent annular zone of fibrils, usually darkened by spores. Often this zone is entirely absent. Microscopic features: Spores, Dark purplish brown in deposit, ellipsoid, 11-14 by 7-9 microns. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia few to absent. Cheilocystidia 18-35 by 4.5-8 microns, lageniform with an extended and flexuous neck, often forked. Season: From when the fall rains begin until the first freezes. Liberty caps like cool temperatures, around 50 degrees Farenheit and lots of rain. Habitat and Distribution: Psilocybe semilanceata grows in north temperate areas but it has been found in Peru, Pune, India, Australia, New Zealand and also at altitudes of 4000 meters in Italy. Grows In fields where cattle graze, they will be in the larger greener clumps of grass, or in parks and golf courses.They like the water that the plants funnel down to the base of the plant and tend to hide there. CureCat MO Occurrence Map Growth Habit: Growing singularly or in troops. Bruising: Bruising will appear at the base and on primordial aborts attached to a mature specimen. Dosage:
Other Notes: Likely the most popular magic mushroom in the world. Similar Species: Section Semilanceatae: Psilocybe strictipes: Psilocybe strictipes is a psilocybin mushroom which grows on grassy meadows and lawns; It is found throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and it is most common in Europe, and the Pacific Northwest. It is closely related to Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe pelliculosa. Psilocybe strictipes is commonly confused with Psilocybe semilanceata and can be differentiated by its lack of a papilla and a convex to subumbonate cap. "Strictipes" comes from the Latin words stricti (narrow) and pes (foot). The Cap Psilocybe strictipes cap is 5 to 30 mm across, conic to campanulate to convex, smooth, and translucent-striate near the margin, often with a low umbo. It is walnut brown to dark rusty brown, with a smooth surface and a separable gelatinous pellicle. It is Hygrophanous, fading to buff as it dries. The flesh sometimes stains blue where damaged. Gills are gills are cream-colored when young and dark purple brown when mature, with an adnate attachment. The spores are dark purple brown, suboblong, and 11 by 6 µm. The stipe has a white to ocher, equal, tough, and cartilaginous structure with fibrillose patches. It is 4 to 10 cm long and around .25 cm thick. The partial veil is thin, cortinate, and does not usually leave any remnants on the stipe. Psilocybe strictipes fruits in late summer to fall in Chile, England, France, Germany, Holland, Slovakia, Siberia, Sweden, and the Pacific Northwest. Psilocybe strictipes is found in lawns and grassy fields but never growing directly from dung. Psilocybe venenata Pileus 15-40mm in diameter conical at first, gradually becoming convex to subumbonate to subplane or somewhat depressed at the center but slightly upturned at the margin, glabrous, but in young specimens with minute fibrillose scales from the veil along the margin, even, but slightly striate at the margin when wet, viscid, with the pellicle seperable, hygrophanous, warm-buff or pinkish buff, light blonde brown to cinamon buff, olive brown. Often tinged green when touched. Lamellae adnate or adnexed, with slightly decurrent ends, whitish, light greyish or dingy yellow, finally purplish brown or greyish violet brown, with whitish and subfloccose edges. Stipe 50-70mm cylindrical, equal or nearly equal frequently composed, uneven, silky white, dry fibrous, especially below the annulus, furfuraceous punctate above, stuffed or hollow, base strigose or with white rhizomorphs. Veil well deeloped as a white foccose coat, forming a more or less permanant or evanescent white silky annulus, very thin and delicate. Spores 9.9-12 x 6-7um subellipsoid both in side and face view or somewhat inequilateral in side veiw, thick walled, yellowish brown with large germ pore. Purple brown in deposit. Growing to densly caespitose on soil, rotten wood, straw, decayed rice hulls, or on dung, on roadsides or lawns in deciduous or bamboo forests. fruiting from summer to late autumn. Known only in Japan Psilocybe liniformans: Psilocybe liniformans is a widely distributed mushroom in Europe, however this species of Psilocybe is very rare. It is in the section semilanceata of Psilocybe. The cap is 1 — 2.5 cm convex to nearly plane, and is sometimes broadly umbonate but not papillate. It is smooth, dull grayish brown to slightly olivacous, more reddish at the center, hygrophanous, and becoming straw brown when dry with the center remaining more brownish. It sometimes has a bluish green tone, or olivacous tones at the margin when young. The gills are adnexed, subdistant, broad, and dark chocolate brown to purplish brown with age. The spores are dark purple brown, ellipsoid, and 13 — 14.5 by 7.5 — 8.8(10)µm. The stipe is 1.4 — 3.0 cm by 1 – 2 mm, equal, enlarging at the base. It is whitish to very pale brownish, darker below, bruising blue, and finely fibrillose in the lower portion. The partial veil is thin and soon disappears. The taste is weak to somewhat farinaceous; The odor is strongly aromatic to farinaceous. Microscopic features: The basidia are 4-spored and pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 22 — 33 by 5.5 — 9 µm, lageniform and have an extended neck. Psilocybe liniformans var. americana: Psilocybe liniformans var. americana is a very rare variant of liniformans that grows in America. It is found scattered to gregarious in rich pastures or grasslands, fruiting from summer to early winter. It has been collected in Washington, Oregon, and Michigan, and has also been reported from Chile where it fruits in the spring. This mushroom is very close to the type variety; the main difference is the lack of a gelatinous layer on the edge of the lamellae and the terricolous habitat. The cap is 1 — 2.5 cm convex to nearly plane, and is sometimes broadly umbonate but not papillate. It is smooth, dull grayish brown to slightly olivacous, more reddish at the center, hygrophanous, and becoming straw brown when dry with the center remaining more brownish. It sometimes has a bluish green tone, or olivacous tones at the margin when young. The gills are adnexed, subdistant, broad, and dark chocolate brown to purplish brown with age. The spores are dark purple brown, ellipsoid, and 13 — 14.5 by 7.5 — 8.8(10)µm. The stipe is 1.4 — 3.0 cm by 1 – 2 mm, equal, enlarging at the base. It is whitish to very pale brownish, darker below, bruising blue, and finely fibrillose in the lower portion. The partial veil is thin and soon disappears. The taste is weak to somewhat farinaceous; The odor is strongly aromatic to farinaceous. Microscopic features: The basidia are 4-spored and pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 22 — 33 by 5.5 — 9 µm, lageniform and have an extended neck. Links: Psilocybe semilanceata -MushroomObserver Psilocybe semilanceata -Thread (UK 2012) Undescribed Species: Pileus (Cap): 5-20cm, convex, chestnut brown fading to buff yellow-ivory when dry, hygrophanous featuring a straited margin when wet. Staining blue at the margin. Lamellae (Gills): Broadly adnate to adnexed attachment, intermediate, starting out light-gray and turning purple brown as the spores mature. Stipe (Stem): 7 – 25 cm long by 2 to 5 cm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, pruinose at the apex, colored like the cap. Microscopic features: N/A Habitat and Distribution: On small pieces of wood underneath pinus radiata trees. Auckland, NZ Other Notes: Belonging to section semilanceatea. Links: Psilocybe sp. -Thread (Sum0) Pileus (Cap): 5-20cm, convex, chestnut brown fading to buff yellow-ivory when dry, hygrophanous featuring a straited margin when wet. Staining blue at the margin. Lamellae (Gills): Broadly adnate to adnexed attachment, intermediate, starting out light-gray and turning purple brown as the spores mature. Stipe (Stem): 7 – 25 cm long by 2 to 5 cm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, colored like the cap. Microscopic features: N/A Habitat and Distribution: found in the potted plants in the plant nursery, NZ Other Notes: Belonging to section stuntzea Links: Psilocybe sp. -Thread (Sum0) (Inski) Pileus (Cap): 15mm, gold/caramel with blue/green staining, typical looking Psilocybe cap with very visible gill lines from the top of the cap. As you can see in the picture, nipple present. Lamellae (Gills): Cream/gold gills with what looks like small dark spore buildup, attached. Stipe (Stem): 50mm long, Transparent-ish gold, with the top 1/4 going a lot more distinct white with light blue staining on the uppermost of the stem. Very very delicate. Microscopic features: Purple brown spores, Mango shaped basidiospores. Habitat and Distribution: Same woodchip area where Psilocybe subaeruginosa and Psilocybe weraroa are fruiting. Initially mistaken for a really small P. sub until closer inspection. Other Notes: "It belongs in Section Aztecorum due to the mango shaped basidiospores and the almost white hygrophanous reaction of the fruit bodies on drying, it is closely related to P. aztecorum and P. baeocystis, I have coined the species epithet "aureoalbescens", in Latin meaning golden, changing to white. " This one I first found in potted plants in a plant nursery I worked at in 2006 and have since seen it in wood chipped gardens growing from mulched and rotted Conifer bark and wood. "It was first discovered in the South Island of New Zealand at the Franz Joseph Glacier in Westland by the prominent New Zealand Mycologist Grace Marie Taylor in 1969 growing from rotted leaves of an Astelia species, it remains undescribed to this day. " (Inski) Links: Psilocybe "aureoalbescens" (Inski) "Its pronounced sigh-loss-a-bee!... or really any other way you want to say it, lets be honest, we all butcher latin" -Joust NeoSporen has many species of Psilocybes in his posts and gallery, he is specialized in "Urban Habitats". Joust My (Joust) threads and gallery usually show more of the "Woodland Habitats". The pictures and observations are also under my name on Mushroomobserver.org. 2012-2013 PNW Actives Thread A great collection of PNW Actives from various users. Pronunciations By Tangich Dr. Giuseppe MAZZA Journal The Genus Psilocybe Supplement Mycokey Mushroompro Mushroomexpert Rogersmushrooms Latin pronunciation Cybertruffle Mykoweb Mushroomhobby Have fun out there and good luck! v13 -------------------- _________A Practical Guide To Psilocybin Mushrooms_________ Edited by Joust (01/07/13 11:53 PM)
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Alan Rockefeller Mycologist Registered: 03/10/07 Posts: 48,358 Last seen: 6 days, 20 hours |
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semilanceata[/url] * Wiki John W. Allen CureCat Mycoweb kaal-kopje Pileus (cap): 0.5-2.5 cm broad. Conic to obtusely conic to conic-campanulate with an acute umbo. Margin translucent-striate, incurved and sometimes undulated in young fruiting bodies, often darkened by spores. Surface smooth, color variable, extremely hygrophanous. Usually dark chestnut brown when moist, soon drying to a light tan or yellow, occasionally with an olive tint, margin sometimes with bluish or olive stains. Surface viscid when moist from a separable gelatinous pellicle. Lamellae (Gills): Attachment mostly adnexed, sometimes adnate or seceding. Close to crowded, narrow. Color pallid at first, rapidly becoming grey, then brownish and finally purplish brown with the edges remaining pallid. Stipe (stem): 30-100 mm long by 0.75-3 mm thick. Slender, equal, flexuous (curved or sinuous), and pliant. Pallid to more brownish towards the base, where the attached mycelium may become bluish tinged, especially during drying. Surface smooth overall. Context stuffed with a fibrious pith. Partial veil thinly cortinate, rapidly deteriorating, leaving an obscure evanescent annular zone of fibrils, usually darkened by spores. Often this zone is entirely absent. Microscopic features: Spores, Dark purplish brown in deposit, ellipsoid, 11-14 by 7-9 microns. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia few to absent. Cheilocystidia 18-35 by 4.5-8 microns, lageniform with an extended and flexuous neck, often forked. Season: From when the fall rains begin until the first freezes. Liberty caps like cool temperatures, around 50 degrees Farenheit and lots of rain. Habitat and Distribution: Psilocybe semilanceata grows in north temperate areas but it has been found in Peru, Pune, India, Australia, New Zealand and also at altitudes of 4000 meters in Italy. Grows In fields where cattle graze, they will be in the larger greener clumps of grass, or in parks and golf courses.They like the water that the plants funnel down to the base of the plant and tend to hide there. CureCat [url=http://mushroomobserver.org Map[/url] Growth Habit: Growing singularly or in troops. Bruising: Bruising will appear at the base and on primordial aborts attached to a mature specimen. Dosage:
Other Notes: Likely the most popular magic mushroom in the world. Similar Species: Section Semilanceatae: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik strictipes:[/url] Psilocybe strictipes is a psilocybin mushroom which grows on grassy meadows and lawns; It is found throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and it is most common in Europe, and the Pacific Northwest. It is closely related to Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe pelliculosa. Psilocybe strictipes is commonly confused with Psilocybe semilanceata and can be differentiated by its lack of a papilla and a convex to subumbonate cap. "Strictipes" comes from the Latin words stricti (narrow) and pes (foot). The Cap Psilocybe strictipes cap is 5 to 30 mm across, conic to campanulate to convex, smooth, and translucent-striate near the margin, often with a low umbo. It is walnut brown to dark rusty brown, with a smooth surface and a separable gelatinous pellicle. It is Hygrophanous, fading to buff as it dries. The flesh sometimes stains blue where damaged. Gills are gills are cream-colored when young and dark purple brown when mature, with an adnate attachment. The spores are dark purple brown, suboblong, and 11 by 6 µm. The stipe has a white to ocher, equal, tough, and cartilaginous structure with fibrillose patches. It is 4 to 10 cm long and around .25 cm thick. The partial veil is thin, cortinate, and does not usually leave any remnants on the stipe. Psilocybe strictipes fruits in late summer to fall in Chile, England, France, Germany, Holland, Slovakia, Siberia, Sweden, and the Pacific Northwest. Psilocybe strictipes is found in lawns and grassy fields but never growing directly from dung. [url=http://mushroomobserver.org venenata[/url] Pileus 15-40mm in diameter conical at first, gradually becoming convex to subumbonate to subplane or somewhat depressed at the center but slightly upturned at the margin, glabrous, but in young specimens with minute fibrillose scales from the veil along the margin, even, but slightly striate at the margin when wet, viscid, with the pellicle seperable, hygrophanous, warm-buff or pinkish buff, light blonde brown to cinamon buff, olive brown. Often tinged green when touched. Lamellae adnate or adnexed, with slightly decurrent ends, whitish, light greyish or dingy yellow, finally purplish brown or greyish violet brown, with whitish and subfloccose edges. Stipe 50-70mm cylindrical, equal or nearly equal frequently composed, uneven, silky white, dry fibrous, especially below the annulus, furfuraceous punctate above, stuffed or hollow, base strigose or with white rhizomorphs. Veil well deeloped as a white foccose coat, forming a more or less permanant or evanescent white silky annulus, very thin and delicate. Spores 9.9-12 x 6-7um subellipsoid both in side and face view or somewhat inequilateral in side veiw, thick walled, yellowish brown with large germ pore. Purple brown in deposit. Growing to densly caespitose on soil, rotten wood, straw, decayed rice hulls, or on dung, on roadsides or lawns in deciduous or bamboo forests. fruiting from summer to late autumn. Known only in Japan [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik liniformans:[/url] Psilocybe liniformans is a widely distributed mushroom in Europe, however this species of Psilocybe is very rare. It is in the section semilanceata of Psilocybe. The cap is 1 — 2.5 cm convex to nearly plane, and is sometimes broadly umbonate but not papillate. It is smooth, dull grayish brown to slightly olivacous, more reddish at the center, hygrophanous, and becoming straw brown when dry with the center remaining more brownish. It sometimes has a bluish green tone, or olivacous tones at the margin when young. The gills are adnexed, subdistant, broad, and dark chocolate brown to purplish brown with age. The spores are dark purple brown, ellipsoid, and 13 — 14.5 by 7.5 — 8.8(10)µm. The stipe is 1.4 — 3.0 cm by 1 – 2 mm, equal, enlarging at the base. It is whitish to very pale brownish, darker below, bruising blue, and finely fibrillose in the lower portion. The partial veil is thin and soon disappears. The taste is weak to somewhat farinaceous; The odor is strongly aromatic to farinaceous. Microscopic features: The basidia are 4-spored and pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 22 — 33 by 5.5 — 9 µm, lageniform and have an extended neck. [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wik liniformans var. americana:[/url] Psilocybe liniformans var. americana is a very rare variant of liniformans that grows in America. It is found scattered to gregarious in rich pastures or grasslands, fruiting from summer to early winter. It has been collected in Washington, Oregon, and Michigan, and has also been reported from Chile where it fruits in the spring. This mushroom is very close to the type variety; the main difference is the lack of a gelatinous layer on the edge of the lamellae and the terricolous habitat. The cap is 1 — 2.5 cm convex to nearly plane, and is sometimes broadly umbonate but not papillate. It is smooth, dull grayish brown to slightly olivacous, more reddish at the center, hygrophanous, and becoming straw brown when dry with the center remaining more brownish. It sometimes has a bluish green tone, or olivacous tones at the margin when young. The gills are adnexed, subdistant, broad, and dark chocolate brown to purplish brown with age. The spores are dark purple brown, ellipsoid, and 13 — 14.5 by 7.5 — 8.8(10)µm. The stipe is 1.4 — 3.0 cm by 1 – 2 mm, equal, enlarging at the base. It is whitish to very pale brownish, darker below, bruising blue, and finely fibrillose in the lower portion. The partial veil is thin and soon disappears. The taste is weak to somewhat farinaceous; The odor is strongly aromatic to farinaceous. Microscopic features: The basidia are 4-spored and pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 22 — 33 by 5.5 — 9 µm, lageniform and have an extended neck. Links: [url=http://mushroomobserver.org semilanceata -MushroomObserver[/url] [url=/forums/showflat.php/Number semilanceata -Thread (UK 2012)[/url] Undescribed Species: sp. (Sum0)[/url] *** (all)[/url] Pileus (Cap): 5-20cm, convex, chestnut brown fading to buff yellow-ivory when dry, hygrophanous featuring a straited margin when wet. Staining blue at the margin. Lamellae (Gills): Broadly adnate to adnexed attachment, intermediate, starting out light-gray and turning purple brown as the spores mature. Stipe (Stem): 7 – 25 cm long by 2 to 5 cm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, pruinose at the apex, colored like the cap. Microscopic features: N/A Habitat and Distribution: On small pieces of wood underneath pinus radiata trees. Auckland, NZ Other Notes: Belonging to section semilanceatea. Links: [url=/forums/showflat.php/Number -Thread (Sum0)[/url] sp. (Sum0) (Inski)[/url] *** Inski Sum0 Sum0 Sum0 Pileus (Cap): 5-20cm, convex, chestnut brown fading to buff yellow-ivory when dry, hygrophanous featuring a straited margin when wet. Staining blue at the margin. Lamellae (Gills): Broadly adnate to adnexed attachment, intermediate, starting out light-gray and turning purple brown as the spores mature. Stipe (Stem): 7 – 25 cm long by 2 to 5 cm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, colored like the cap. Microscopic features: N/A Habitat and Distribution: found in the potted plants in the plant nursery, NZ Other Notes: Belonging to section stuntzea Links: [url=/forums/showflat.php/Number -Thread (Sum0) (Inski)[/url] "aureoalbescens" (Inski)[/url] *** Inski R33GZ R33GZ Pileus (Cap): 15mm, gold/caramel with blue/green staining, typical looking Psilocybe cap with very visible gill lines from the top of the cap. As you can see in the picture, nipple present. Lamellae (Gills): Cream/gold gills with what looks like small dark spore buildup, attached. Stipe (Stem): 50mm long, Transparent-ish gold, with the top 1/4 going a lot more distinct white with light blue staining on the uppermost of the stem. Very very delicate. Microscopic features: Purple brown spores, Mango shaped basidiospores. Habitat and Distribution: Same woodchip area where Psilocybe subaeruginosa and Psilocybe weraroa are fruiting. Initially mistaken for a really small P. sub until closer inspection. Other Notes: "It belongs in Section Aztecorum due to the mango shaped basidiospores and the almost white hygrophanous reaction of the fruit bodies on drying, it is closely related to P. aztecorum and P. baeocystis, I have coined the species epithet "aureoalbescens", in Latin meaning golden, changing to white. " This one I first found in potted plants in a plant nursery I worked at in 2006 and have since seen it in wood chipped gardens growing from mulched and rotted Conifer bark and wood. "It was first discovered in the South Island of New Zealand at the Franz Joseph Glacier in Westland by the prominent New Zealand Mycologist Grace Marie Taylor in 1969 growing from rotted leaves of an Astelia species, it remains undescribed to this day. " (Inski) Links: [url=/forums/showflat.php/Number "aureoalbescens" (Inski)[/url] quotes: print and stain blue where damaged are psilocybin containing species." -Alan Rockefeller "Its pronounced sigh-loss-a-bee!... or really any other way you want to say it, lets be honest, we all butcher latin" -Joust Threads: NeoSporen has many species of Psilocybes in his posts and gallery, he is specialized in "Urban Habitats". Joust My (Joust) threads and gallery usually show more of the "Woodland Habitats". The pictures and observations are also under my name on Mushroomobserver.org. 2012-2013 PNW Actives Thread A great collection of PNW Actives from various users. Helpful Mycology Links: [url=http://soundcloud.com/mayda By Tangich[/url] [url=http://www.photomazza.com/? Giuseppe MAZZA Journal[/url] [url=https://www.dmt-nexus.me/do Supplement[/url] Mycokey Mushroompro Mushroomexpert Rogersmushrooms Latin pronunciation Cybertruffle Mykoweb Mushroomhobby Have fun out there and good luck! v13
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MichMushie Stranger Registered: 11/02/12 Posts: 7 Last seen: 8 years, 9 months |
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Thank you for bringing so much info to one place, this is amazing. Thanks for all the time and effort. this definitely needs to be a sticky
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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..
-------------------- _________A Practical Guide To Psilocybin Mushrooms_________ Edited by Joust (01/06/13 06:05 PM)
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Added for Ps. cyanescens.
Ill probably break them down adn add a europe list and a list, Just initial data going to be added to the species. Slowly thought it might be a good idea after seeing a post by Alan. Lookalikes: Galerina marginata,Pholiotina rugosa, Pholiota sp., Tubaria furfuracea, Gymnopilus sapineus, Macrocystidia cucumis, Leratiomyces percevalii, Agrocybe putaminum. Hypholoma sp., Hebeloma sp. -------------------- _________A Practical Guide To Psilocybin Mushrooms_________ Edited by Joust (11/06/12 01:12 AM)
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Anglerfish hearing things Registered: 09/08/10 Posts: 18,741 Loc: Norvegr Last seen: 2 hours, 19 minutes |
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Loving this setup! You mind if I put it in a .pdf for offline reading..?
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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Quote: Hell ya I mind, I mean WTF are you thinking bro?! Not at all my man, To anyone who wants to do this I welcome it, Just be sure not to share all over the internet, please only personal offline use, I dont really want the unfinished versions with some misinformation out there. I will set up a PDF later that will look clean and organized as im sure this would look very messy in PDF form, I still have lots of work to do on this so it might be a while, in the meantime go for it, and good luck! Ive had people pm me about building a website and tailer this info for it. To those people: Once the guide is done Im going to be updating the information on this one under the find mushrooms Tab, this is a great site which has the servers/users ect. Id love to give back more as it has helped me grow as an overal mycologist. -------------------- _________A Practical Guide To Psilocybin Mushrooms_________
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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If anyone has or knows of some actual Psilocybe subaeruginascens pictures, please let me know, Ive hit a brick wall trying to find them the last hour...
Thanks for reading, this has been a public announcement. -------------------- _________A Practical Guide To Psilocybin Mushrooms_________
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Alan Rockefeller Mycologist Registered: 03/10/07 Posts: 48,358 Last seen: 6 days, 20 hours |
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Joust Mycotographer Registered: 10/13/11 Posts: 13,392 Loc: WA |
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As always you deliver Alan, thanks, How did you find that, ive been searching all over google...
-------------------- _________A Practical Guide To Psilocybin Mushrooms_________
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